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passive transport
passive net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lowconcentration.
Osmosis
the passive net water molecules across cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
Hypotonic solutio
lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell
Hypertonic solution
higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell
lysed/hameoylsis
when Water enters an animal cell causing it to swell enough to rupture the cell membrane in of a hypotonic solute
turgid
when water enters the plant cell in hypotonic solutions and causes the vacuole to expand and to squeeze the cytoplasm against the cell wall, hence the cell is said to be turgid
Crenation
when Water moves out of the cell causing the cell to shrink and crinkle in hypertonic solutions
plasmolysis
Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink - The cell wall maintains cell shape the cell in hypertonic solutions
what happens in Hypotonic solution
Water enters the cell causing it to swell enough to rupture the cell membrane, when this happens the cell is said to be become lysed
In plant cells, Water enters the cell and passes into the vacuole causing vacuole swells and squeezes the cytoplasm against the cell wall the cell hence, is said to be turgid
What happens in Hypertonic solution
In animal cells, crenation-
Water moves out of the cell causing the cell to shrink and crinkle
In plant cells, the cell goes into a state of plasmolysis as water leaves the cell but the cell maintains its shape because of the cell wall
Active transport
The active net movement of a substance with the use ATP from an an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
How does active tranposrt take place
Membrane transport proteins use energy from ATP to move molecules or ions against the concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion
the passive net movement of molecules across the plasma membrane through transport proteins from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration
What do the protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane do
allow for passive transport of small polar and hydrophilic substances in out of the cell
allows for cell communication; cells to recieve signals
describe the passage ways of channel proteins andwhat diffuses through them
Narrow passageways through which water molecules and ion diffuse rapidly from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high soluteconcentraiton
what istonic solution does a plantcell have
flaccid
What is the difference between simple and facilated diffusion
Their identical EXCEPT facilicated diffusion requires channel and carrier proteins
simple diffusion
movement of molecuels down a concentration graident, frm an area of high concetraiton to anrea of low concentration through a semi permable membrnae
process of endocytsosis
1.Folding of the plasma membrane
2.Vesicle forms around molecules being transported
3.Contents released within the cell
process of exocytosis
1.Molecules enclosed in a vesicle
2.Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
3.Contents released
excyotosis
the bulk transport of molecules out of a cell
endocytosis
bulk transport into the cell
explain the factors the effect diffusiion
A
Concentration gradient.
The diffusion distance.
Surface area.
Physical barriers.
Transmembrane proteins
proteins that are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that only allow specific substances across the membrane
difference between transcription and translation
transcription occurs first- a copy of DNA is made(mRNA)
Translation:
occurs after transcription
mRNA is read by ribosomes to create proteins
Why is it suggested that chloroplasts were once cyanobacteria
chloroplast share several characteristics with prokaryotic cells
How did chloroplasts become part of eukaryotic cells and how
endosymbiosis as it occurred when the cyanobacteria was endocytosed by the plant/animal cell
How did mitochondria become part of eukaryotic cells and how
endosymbiosis as they are endocytosed by the plant/animal cell
endosymbosis
the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
endosymbiosis theory
the theory that some organelles like mitochondria in eukaryotes were once prokaryotic due to a mutual relationship.
the genetic material of ribosomes
RNA
centrioles
ONLY FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS
found in animal cells
involved in the movement of flagella and organising the spindle fibres during mitosis
How does water move into the plant cells of vacuoles
osmosis
Types of bacterium
coccus-spherical bacterium
bacillus-rod shaped bacterium
vibrio-comma shaped bacteirum
do plant cells have lysosomes
no
What is DNA
A
the coded instructions to make proteins
found on chromosomes held in the nucleus
how doesmitochondir make its own protieins
byuisn gits circular chromosomes nad proteins
what is it called when a carrier protein changes shape
conformational change
another way to say active transport
protein medidated transport
types of transmemrbane protiens
-Receptor protein: has receptor sites at the end of each carb chain that bidn with ligands(singalling moeluce) to trigger a series of chemical reactions
Transport proteins:
Allow specific substances to move across the membrane eg. channel and carrier proteins
Why does exocytosis take place
exocytosis takes place to secrete waste from the cell as well as to relocate some of the substances produced in cells (e.g. hormones, mucus, milk proteins and digestive enzymes) elsewhere in the body.
diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of their higher concentration to an area of their lower concentration.
types of channel proteins
gated channel protein
open channle protein
is water able to cross the cell membrane
yes it can with difficulty despite being polar because it is so small
what is a concentration gradient
the measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another
net movement
the number of molecules moving in the direction of the forces, minus the number of molecuels movng in other directions
how do the cell walls of plant cells and fungual and bacteiral cells differ
Plant cell walls are made out of cellulose. Fungal cell walls are made of chitin
molecule with uneven charge distrubtuion
polar molecule
what molceuel in involed incelluar reocngition
carbonhydgrate
how doees temperature, PH and ethanol increase the permabilty of the plasma membrane
increasing the temperature will cause the proteins to denature
PH will cause the proteins to denature
Ethanol will cause the plasma membrane to melt creating holes, hence icnreaisng permabilty
