2 Flashcards
Plasmid
small circular DNA found in prokaryotes
What do ALL cells have
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosome
Examples of componets of cells that are not orangelles.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosome
What are ribosomes made up of
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
The function of ribosomes that floats in the cytosol
make cytoplasmic proteins for cell’s survival
function of Ribosomes found on the Rough ER
makes proteins that will be removed from the cell through exocytosis or stick to the rough ER
How do proteins reach organelles like the golgi apparatus
- the protein enters the RER
2.Inside the RER, proteins are modified eg. bended and folded
3.Small parts of the RER pinch off to form a vesicle that transports the proteins(to organelles like Golgi)
How does the golgi body excrete proteins from the cell
Receives proteins from the Rough ER and modifies them into their final form
The Golgi apparatus then packages the modified proteins into vesicles that pinch off and move towards the cell membrane
- the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular fluid
Some ribosomes are studded onto the rough ER whereas some are free floating. Why is that the case?
the proteins produced from the free floating ribosomes stay around the inside of the cell.
Whilst, the proteins RER proteins get sent to the golgi body to be packaged out of the cell
why do both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain ribosome
ribosomes are not membrane bound organelles and also because all cells need protein to survive
what do eukaryotes contain that prokaryotes do not
memebrane bound organelles
Can organelles float contionosuly around the cell* are they constantly moving
yes
What are proteins made up of
amino acids
What is connected to the nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
exocytosis
the bulk transport of molecules outside of a cell
Difference of DNA in eukaryotic organisms and prokaryotic organsims
DNA in eukaryotic organisms is linear and stored in the nucleus
DNA is prokaryotic organisms is stored in a circular plasmid and floats in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus.
How is ribosome involved in the production of protein
ribosomes add amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain
why does the cell memebrane separate the interior of the cell from the outside environment?
because the cell’s environment varies from its outer environment (e.g. in terms of ph, ions, temperature, nutrients)
phagocytosis
a process where a phagocyte engulfs destroys foreign substances and removes dead cells.
apoptosis
the process of programmed cell death
what may happen to the proteins when the golgi body reiceves proteins from the RER
golgi body may add sugar to the protein to make glycoprotein
golgi body may Add lipid to the protein and make it a lipoprotein
golgi body may Fold the protein into 3D shape
when and how are glycoproteins and lipoproteins created
may happen when the golgi body rceieves proteins form the RER
glycoproteins are formed when sugar is added to the protein
lipoproteins are formed when a lipid is added to the protein
How does water move into the plant cells of vacuoles
osmosis
Chlamydomonas are classified into Kingdom Protista, Phylum Chlorophyta. Each cell has a cell wall made of a complex molecule called glycoprotein.
In what way is this cell wall not typical of a true plant cell?
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, not glycoprotein.
purpose of membrane bound organelles
orangelles need membranes to make sure all cells carry out functions properly and to act as a protceitve barrier
why is it dangerous for lysosomes to not have a cell membrane
digestive enzymes would digest the whole cell
