Basic knowledge Flashcards
describe the prokaryotes’ characteristics including the shape of DNA, membrane-bound or not, unicellular or multicellular, where is the DNA located, how it is reproduced and whether it has a cell wall or membrane
Unicellular
No membrane bound organelles
Circular DNA floats in the cytoplasm as there is no nucleus to store the DNA.
Division through binary fission
Has a cell wall and cell membrane
one circuluar chromosone and many small plasmids
describe the eukaryotes’ characteristics including the shape of DNA and where it is stored, membrane-bound or not, unicellular or multicellular, how it is reproduced and whether it has a cell wall or membrane, what is evolved from and whether the shape of its chrosomes and plasmids
Can be unicellular or multicellular-generally multicellular
Membrane bound organelles
Linear DNA stored in the nucleus
Reproduced through mitosis
Linear chrosomes
Made from Prokaryotes
only has a cell membrane but there is one exception: plants have both a cell wall and memebrane
prokaryotic example
bacteria
eukaryotic example
animals, plants, fungi, protists
types of prokaryotic kingdoms
archea
bacteria
types of eukaryotes kingdoms
Animalia
fungi
plantae
Protista
describe the types eukaryotes kingdoms characteristics including what they contain to produce protein, what DNA is copied into and where it is found
Contains the genetic information
to produce proteins
DNA is copied into mRNA-process is known as transcription
Found in eukaryotes
describe the characteristics of smooth Endoplasmic reticulum such as what it does, what it creates and the shape, whether it has ribosomes and whether its connected to the nucleus or not
transports substances around the cell
where lipids are created eg. cholesterol, , phospholipids, steroid hormones
Tube shaped, no ribosomes and not connected to the nucleus
describe Rough Endoplasmic reticulum characteristics including whether ribosomes, whether its connected to the nucleus or not, what it is involved in and its shape.
ribosomes
connected to the nucelus
Involved in the production and
modification of proteins
shaped like sacs
function of endoplasmic reticulum
modifies proteins and sends it to the golgi body
describe the characterisics of Ribosomes including where it is found, whether it is an organelle and how it is involved in the production of protein.
Found freely in cytosol or
attached to rough ER.
Not classified as an organelle
Involved in the production of
protein by adding
amino acids together to form a
polypeptide chain
ribosome function
where protein is made
describe Mitochondria characterisics including it’s membranes, what it is the site of, what it produces and what of its own does it contain
has 2 memebranes( an inner and outer memebrane)
Site of aerobic cellular
respiration
produces ATP
Contain their own DNA
(mtDNA) and ribosomes
describe the Chloroplasts charactetricitcs inlcuindg membranes, why it uses light energy and what of its own does it contain
2 memebrane(inner and outer)
Uses light energy to produce glucose for photosytehnsis
Contain own
ribosomes and DNA
what does chloroplast
where photosythensis occurs
what does the Golgi Apparatus
modifies,packages, stores and transfers proteins into vesicles before the proteins are removed from the cell.
describe the Golgi Apparatus characterisitics including what the flattened stacked sacs do to proteins, and why proteins are packaged into vesicles
proteins are packaged and modified by the flattened sacs
Proteins are packaged into
vesicles to be transport around the
cell.
what does the Vesicle do
stores substances within a cell or is involved in transporting substances in or out of the cell and between organelles
describe what Lysosomes are, what they are involved in and what they are important for
is Vesicle containing digestive
enzymes
Involved in digesting waste and
foreign material
Important in phagocytosis of
bacteria or apoptosis
(programmed cell death)
describe what a Vacuole is and what they play a role in
A membrane bound sac that stores water and nutrients
Play a role in maintaining
structure in plant cells
what does a cell wall do
Provides strength and
structure to cells
what does a cell membrane do
separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Why are cells made to be small?
To be able to exchange nutrients like glucose,
oxygen, carbon dioxide for cellular repair, growth
and reproduction
To maintain the internal environment (pH, water,
the concentration of ions)
To make intracellular transport of molecules faster
why are smaller cells more efficent
due to a larger
surface area to volume ratio
what happens when the The greater the surface area and smaller the volume
the
faster in the exchange of materials
the 3 domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
what is ytoplasm
A jelly like substance eg.cystol that substances float on
what is DNA and what does it do
is the genetic material of the cell that a sends out instructions to create proteins and controls all of the cell’s functions
2 domains
Eukarya and Prokarya
Difference between domains and kingdoms
domains are a larger classifications than kingdoms
what quailties suggest something is alive
they maintain a set temperature(maintian equlibrium)
move
grow
excrete
respire
sense
extract nutrients
difference in chrosomes and plamisds for eukaryotes and prokaryotes
prokaryotes have a single circula chromosome and many plasmids
eukaryotes have mutiple linear chromosomes
what role does cyostkeleton play
Structurally supports and gives shape to a cell. Moves the cell and its components.
atomic mass of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogren, phophosrus, oxygen and sulfur
hydrogne-1
carbon-12
nitrogen-14
phosophoorus-31
oxygen-16
sulfur-16
do plant cells have lysosomes
no
can a cell grow to thte size of a football
no because the cell would no longer e effiecent as there would be a small surface area to volume ratio meaning the cell would be unable to absorb nutrients and remove waste
what did you notice about the depth of the clear part generalyy for all the cubes
the rate was the same and all the cubes had an area of clear jelly
describe the rate of diffusion aomgnst all 4cubes
the rate of diffusion is the exact same as the termpeatures andcocnetration are all the same
what does staphylo, strepto and cocci.
staphylo means in bunches
strepto is in chains
cocci are ball shaped
