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VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 1 > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

passive transport

A

passive net movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lowconcentration.

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2
Q

What can diffuse through the cell membrane

A

Small non polar substances, hydrophobic and uncharged substances

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3
Q

Osmosis

A

the passive net water molecules across cell membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

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4
Q

what channel does osmosis require

A

aquaporins

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5
Q

aquaporins

A

type of channel protein required for osmosis to transport water across the cell membrane

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5
Q

why does osmosis require aquaporins

A

If water tried to pass the cell membrane it would not pass through as it would repel the hydrophobic tails because water is polar.

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6
Q

How long does osmosis happen

A

continues as long as there is a semi permeable membrane, however when the equilibrium is reached there is no net movement of water

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7
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same solute concentration is the same inside the cell as it is outside of the cell

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8
Q

Hypotonic solutio

A

lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell

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9
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside the cell

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10
Q

haemolysis

A

when Water enters an animal cell causing it to swell enough to rupture the cell membrane in of a hypotonic solute,
the cell is said to be in a state of haemolyiss or is lysed

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11
Q

turgid

A

when water enters the plant cell in hypotonic solutions and causes the vacuole to expand and to squeeze the cytoplasm against the cell wall, hence the cell is said to be turgid

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12
Q

Crenation

A

when Water moves out of the cell causing the cell to shrink and crinkle in hypertonic solutions

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13
Q

plasmolysis

A

Water moves out of the cell causing it to shrink - The cell wall maintains cell shape the cell in hypertonic solutions

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14
Q

what happens in isotonic solutions

A

In both animal cells and plant cell Water moves into and out of the cell at the same rate and no net movement in/our ofcell

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15
Q

what happens in Hypotonic solution

A

In animal cells
Water enters the cell causing it to swell enough to rupture the cell membrane, the cell is said to be lysed

In plant cells, Water enters the cell and passes into the vacuole causing vacuole swells and squeezes the cytoplasm against the cell wall the cell hence, is said to be turgid

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16
Q

What happens in Hypertonic solution

A

In animal cells, crenation-
Water moves out of the cell causing the cell to shrink and crinkle

In plant cells, the cell goes into a state of plasmolysis as water leaves the cell but the cell maintains its shape because of the cell wall

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17
Q

Active transport

A

The active net movement of a substance with the use ATP from an an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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18
Q

How does active tranposrt take place

A

Membrane transport proteins use energy from ATP to move molecules or ions against the concentration gradient

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19
Q

main source of celluar energy in active transprot and why

A

ATP because it powers almost all the porcesses within a cell and acts as fuel for the membrane transport proteins to pump ions against the concetration gradient

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20
Q

Bulk transport

A

Bulk transport is the movement of large particles in and out of a cell

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20
Q

What happens in endocytosis

A

endocytosis captures substances or particles by engulfing them and bringing them into the cell.

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21
Q

the types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

22
Q

Phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of solid substances eg. food

23
Q

pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of liquids

common in animal cells as it brings nutrient rich extracellular fluid into cell)

24
Q

membrane vesicles that hold large molecules are formed by

A

golgi body

25
Q

Exocytosis takes place to

A

secrete waste from the cell

to relocate some of the substances produced in cells (e.g. hormones, mucus, milk proteins and digestive enzymes) elsewhere in the body.

26
Q

differecne between passive and active trnaposrt

A

passive transport does not require ATP whilst active trnapsort does

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the passive net movement of molecules across the plasma membrane through transport proteins from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration

28
Q

What do the protein molecules embedded in the plasma membrane do

A

allow for passive transport

these proteins are used to transport small polar substances and hydrophilic substances as they are unable to diffuse throguh the membrane by themselves

29
Q

Why does facilated diffusion not use ATP

A

it is a type of passive transport

29
Q

what proteins aid in faciliated diffusion

A

channel and carrier proteins

30
Q

describe the passage ways of channel proteins andwhat diffuses through them

A

Narrow passageways through which water molecules and ion diffuse rapidly from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high soluteconcentraiton

31
Q

describe what carrier proteins bind to, what they do to their shape and what they do

A

Bind to specific molecules on one side of the membrane, change shape and release the substance on the other side

can diffuse rapidly from a high ion concentration to a lower ion concentration.

32
Q

types of passive transport

A

facilitated diffusion
osmosis
simple diffusion

33
Q

Types of active transport

A

active transport
bulk transport-endocytosis and exocytosis

34
Q

What soultion has no net movement

A

istonic soultion

35
Q

what istonic solution does a plantcell have

A

flaccid

36
Q

What is the difference between simple and facilated diffusion

A

Their identical EXCEPT facilicated diffusion requires channel and carrier proteins

37
Q

What is a type of facilated diffusion

A

osmosis as it requires a channel protein

38
Q

why does active transport require ATP

A

active transport goes against the concentration gradient

does not need to maintain equilbirum

requires channel and carrier proteins

39
Q

What organelle does active transport require

A

mitochondria

40
Q

Explain how the cell size changes in endocyotosis and excoytosis

A

in endocytosis the cell size decreases
in exocytosis the cell size increases

41
Q

Types of endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

42
Q

what happens in phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

in phagocytosis a solid is engulfed, whilts in pinocytosis a liquid is engulfed

43
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of molecuels frm an area of high concetraiton to anrea of low concentration through a semi permable membrnae

44
Q

what are examples of bulk transport

A

endo and exocyostis

44
Q

what are examples of bulk transport

A

endo and exocyostis

45
Q

process of endocytsosis

A

1.Folding of the plasma membrane
2.Vesicle forms around molecules being transported
3.Contents released within the cell

45
Q

process of exocytosis

A

1.Molecules enclosed in a vesicle
2.Vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
3.Contents released

46
Q

how do hydrobic molecules move through the plasma membrnae

A

diffusion

47
Q

hydropholic head

A

protects the hydrobic tails from exposure extracelluar and intercelluar fluid
makes up the phospholipid bilayer

48
Q

hydrophobic tails

A

prevents the entry of hydrophilic and polar substances
makes up hte phospohlipid bilayer

49
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in cell membranes

A

when the temperature increases above normal, the cholesterol holds the phospholipids bilayer together which ensures that the cell membrane remains intact and does not break apart. when the temperature decreases below normal, the cholesterol ensures that the phospholipids do not pack together too lightly so that there is an exchange of substances across the cell.

50
Q

excyotosis

A

the bulk transport of molecules out of a cell

51
Q

endocytosis

A

bulk transport into the cell

VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 1 (8 decks)

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