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VetTechPrep > Questions (keep) > Flashcards

Questions (keep) Flashcards

1
Q

Dental Caries

A

Also known as cavities
* rabbits
* chinchillas
* dogs

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2
Q

Dental Direction
Mesial

A

Portion of tooth in line with dental arcade
* closest to rostral midline of dental arch

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3
Q

Rabbit Teeth

A
  • 4 rows of incisors - 2 on top, 2 on bottom
  • “Peg Teeth”
  • PM: 6 upper, 4 lower
  • M: 6 upper, 6 lower
  • No canine teeth
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4
Q

Enamel Hypoplasia

A

Enamel Deficiency
* looks like enamel eaten away
* see with dogs with history of Distemper as puppies

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5
Q

Triple Root Teeth
Dogs

A
  • Upper PM4 (carnassial teeth)
  • Upper M1 and M2
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6
Q

Needle Teeth

A

See in piglets
* born with 8 sharp teeth or milk teeth
* can lacerate while nursing or playing
* clip within 24 hours of birth

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7
Q

Epulis

A

Non-malignant tumor of periodontal ligament
* locally invasive but do not metastasize
* aggressive forms can invade and destroy bone (acanthomatous)

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8
Q

Sulcus Depth
Dogs and Cats

A
  • Dog: 0-3 mm
  • Cat: 0-1 mm
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9
Q

Enamel

A

Hard mineralized surface of the tooth
* made up of calcium phosphate

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10
Q

Pulp

A

Center part of the tooth
* made up of living connective tissue
* softest part of tooth
* contains nerve fibers
* if exposed, endodontic treatment

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11
Q

Double Rooted Teeth
Dogs

A
  • Lower M1 and M2
  • Lower PM 2, 3, 4
  • Lower M3 can have 1 or 2 roots
  • Upper PM 2 and 3 (3 may have 3 roots)
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12
Q

Periodontal Disease
Percentage

A

75% of dogs and cats on average have this
* gingivitis is first sign

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13
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A

Also known as Dexdomitor
* alpha 2 agonist
* bradycardia is major side effect
* do not use with AV block patients
* do not use if compromised cardiac function

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14
Q

Gingival Hyperplasia

A

Overgrowth of gum tissue
* non-painful swelling of gingiva
* biopsy to R/O neoplasia
* can be trimmed during dentals but may regrow
* unknown cause
* hereditary or medication caused

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15
Q

Normal Occlusion

A
  • Mandibular incisors palatal to maxillary
  • Mandibular canine mesial to maxillary
  • Mandibular canines centered between maxillary canine and I3 (not touching)
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16
Q

Radiograph Positioning

A
  • Sternal = maxilla
  • Dorsal = anterior mandible
  • Lateral = mandible PM and M
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17
Q

Dental Direction
Apical

A

Portion of tooth closer to tip of root relative to another structure

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18
Q

Dental Formula
Horse

A
  • I: 3/3
  • C: 1/1 (males)
  • PM: 4/3 (wolf teeth)
  • M: 3/3
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19
Q

Carnassial Tooth

A

Large shearing tooth of upper and lower jaw
* chewing teeth
* upper PM4 and M1 in cats and dogs

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20
Q

Dental Formula
Goat

A

No upper incisors - one big gumline
* no upper or lower teeth in back of mouth
* 32 teeth total
* I: 0/3
* C: 0/1
* PM: 3/3
* M: 3/3

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21
Q

Dental Formula
Dog

A

Have 42 teeth (double everything)
* I: 3/3
* C: 1/1
* PM: 4/4
* M: 2/3

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22
Q

Plaque

A

Accumulation of desquamated cells, food particles, and bacteria along the teeth
* can turn into calculus

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23
Q

Endodontic Treatment

A

Involves with the tooth pulp and tissues surrounding root of tooth
* root canal most common procedure

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24
Q

Infraorbital Block

A

Also called Maxillary Block
* local anesthetic technique
* decreases anesthetic requirements
* provide analgesia for procedures involving maxilla

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25
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosal surfaces

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26
Q

Maxillary Sinus

A

Connects directly with upper PM4
* swelling under eye if there is issue with carnassial tooth

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27
Q

Hypsodont Teeth

A

High-Crowned Teeth
* continue to erupt throughout life
* roots embedded in alveolus of jaw bone
* see with horses

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28
Q

Remastication

A

Regurgitation of food to be re-chewed
* saliva is natural antacid to buffer and protect rumen
* see with cattle

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29
Q

“Lumpy Jaw”

A

Caused by Actinomyces bovis
* diagnosed by palpating firm immobile mass
* found over mandible

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30
Q

Dental Formula
Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas

A

Have 20 teeth
* I: 1/1
* C: 0/0
* PM: 1/1
* M: 3/3

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31
Q

Bisecting Angle Technique

A

Technique commonly used for intra-oral radiograph
* prevents distortion
* use when structure is not able to be parallel to film or perpendicular to x-ray beam

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32
Q

Dental Calculus

A

Also called tartar
* mineralized plaque
* can lead to persistent inflammation

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33
Q

Dental Formula
Cat

A

Have 30 teeth
* I: 3/3
* C: 1/1
* PM: 3/2
* M: 1/1

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34
Q

Attrition

A

Wearing of teeth via tooth-to-tooth contact
* occurs during mastication

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35
Q

Alginate

A

Mixed and used to record impressions / imprints of teeth
* used for orthodonic exam

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36
Q

Tetracycline Antibiotics
and Teeth

A
  • May cause enamel hypoplasia
  • See permanent brown discoloration on teeth, especially with puppies
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37
Q

Metacam and Cats

A

Also called Meloxicam
* NSAID
* may cause renal failure

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38
Q

Epinephrine with Lidocaine

A

Prolongs duration of lidocaine effects
* causes vasoconstriction - prevents rapid absorption

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39
Q

Phenylbutazone

A
  • Injectable NSAID
  • used for pain relief in horses
  • may cause right dorsal colitis from ulcers
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40
Q

Cerenia
(injectable)

A

Also called Maropitant
* NK1 receptor antagonist
* blocks substance P in the CNS
* can burn or sting when given SQ

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41
Q

Axon

A

Nerve cell that conduct electrical impulses away from the neuronal cell body

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42
Q

Local Anesthetics
and Epidurals

A

Will cause loss of motor functions

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43
Q

ANS

A

Autonomic Nervous System
* sympathetic & parasympathetic NS
* innervates internal organs and blood vessels

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44
Q

Epidural Space
What Not To Put In

A

Antibiotics

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45
Q

Lidocaine

A

Local anesthetic
* in horses, used to perform perineural anesthesia during lameness exam

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46
Q

Epidural
Needle Placement Location

A

Place between L7 and S1

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47
Q

Ketoprofen

A
  • NSAID
  • Eliminated via kidneys
  • Tolerated by cats and horses
  • Ok to use in hypertension patients
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48
Q

Fentanyl

A

Administered via transdermal patch
* analgesia provided over days
* apply 12 hours prior to procedure for post-operative use

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49
Q

Tramadol

A
  • Synthetic drug acting on opiate receptors
  • Safe to be given along with anti-inflammatory drugs
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50
Q

DMSO

A

Dimethyl Sulfoxide
* anti-inflammatory drug
* given topically, orally, or IV (diluted)
* absorbed into skin - wear gloves during use

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51
Q

Ketamine

A

Dissociative Anesthetic
* used for induction
* NMDA receptor antagonist
* binds to opioid receptors
* provides pain relief

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52
Q

Placing Epidural
Getting Blood

A

If after needle placement and blood flashes in hub
* entered venous sinus
* withdraw needle and start over

53
Q

Telazol

A

Injectable anesthetic / tranquilizer
* controlled substance
* made up of tiletamine and zolazepam

54
Q

Phenothiazine Tranquilizers

A
  • Frequently used as preanesthetics
  • Used with opioids - improve sedation
  • Relax smooth muscles
  • Anti-emetic properties
  • Cause hypotension
  • No analgesic properties
  • Ex: acepromazine
55
Q

SNS

A

Sympathetic Nervous System
* “fight or flight” response
* when stimulated, vessels constrict and BP rises
* neutransmitters are epinephrine and norepinephrine

56
Q

Endothelium

A

Thin layer of cells lining inside of blood vessels
* cells are called endothelial cells

57
Q

Signs of Pain

A
  • Increased HR
  • Increased RR
  • Increased panting
  • Trembling
  • Vocalization
58
Q

Buprenorphine

A

Opioid Drug
* commonly used pain med
* approved for use in cats
* can be absorbed through oral mucosa

59
Q

Morphine

A
  • Opioid
  • Provides analgesia and sedation
  • Vomiting common side effect
60
Q

Xylazine

A
  • Alpha 2 Adrenergic Agonist
  • Provide analgesia and sedation
  • Common sedative for horses
61
Q

Butorphanol

A

Partial mu agonist / antagonist
* provides analgesia and sedation

62
Q

Epidural
Hanging Drop Technique

A
  • Patient in sternal recumbency
  • Place needle through skin
  • Drop of saline placed in needle hub
  • If in correct place, drop will be sucked into needle
63
Q

NSAID with Other Drugs

A

NSAIDs should not be given with other NSAIDs or steroids
* increased risk for GI ulcers that could perforate

64
Q

CRI Drug Combination
for Pain

A

Remember MLK (milk)
* morphine
* lidocaine
* ketamine

65
Q

Afferent Fibers

A

Nerve fibers that carry impulses towards the brain / spinal cord

66
Q

Veterinary Dentistry
Best Local Anesthetic

A

Bupivacaine
* provides longer duration of effect
* 3-5 hours of pain relief

67
Q

Fluoroquinolones
in Horses

A

Avoid use in treating young foals
* adverse effects on growing immature cartilage
* ok for use in adults

68
Q

Metoclopramide

A

Also called Reglan
* anti-emetic
* treats nausea and vomiting
* blocks CRTZ

69
Q

Opioids

A
  • Mu agonists
  • Pain management
  • Decrease RR
  • Nausea / Vomiting
  • Sedation
70
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

Causes botulism in cattle
* toxins produced from decaying material
* transmitted via ingestion of contaminated feed
* C/S: progressing muscle weakness

71
Q

Drug Bioavailability

A

How much of the drug will be left after absorption phases
* IV has highest bioavailability - no absorption needed
* IM also has high bioavailability but not as much
* SQ and PO go through several barriers

72
Q

Pig Castration Age

A

Done when very young due to easier handling
* 5-14 days of age

73
Q
A

Struvite Crystal
* magnesium ammonium phosphate (triple phosphate)
* 6-8 sided prism - resemble a coffin lid
* form in alkaline urine (high pH)

74
Q
A

Iris Scissors
* small, sharp scissors
* used for ocular procedures
* can be used to cut other delicate tissues

75
Q

C1 x V1 = C2 x V2

A
  • C = concentrations
  • V = volumes
  • 1 = what you have (start)
  • 2 = what you want (end)
  • Turn concentration % into decimal
76
Q

Celiotomy

A

Also known as a laparotomy
* surgical incision into abdominal cavity

77
Q

Goiter

A

Abnormal gross enlargement of thyroid gland

78
Q

Cataracts

A

Opaque protein deposits
* occur in the lens of the eye
* can occur in any species
* most common older patients
* other factors can cause to form

79
Q

Asepsis

A

Absolutely no living organisms present

80
Q

Triceps Brachium

A

Extends the elbow

81
Q

Colic in Horses

A

Non-specific abdominal pain
* various causes
* repeated laying / getting up
* rolling frequent
* flank watching / pawing at

82
Q

Blood Crossmatch
Major

A
  • Recipient serum
  • Donor RBCs
83
Q

GDV

A

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus
* stomach dilates
* rotates around itself on short axis
* refered to as “bloat”
* emergency situation

84
Q
A

Mast Cells
* contain histamine and heparin
* involved with inflammation and wound healing

85
Q

Ronidazole

A

Nitroimidazole antimicrobial
* has mutagenic properties
* handle similar to chemotherapy agents
* off-label treatment for Tritrichomonas foetus in cats - use with caution

86
Q

Dog Breed Most Often
Needing C-Section

A

Bulldogs
* due to conformation, almost 90% require this

87
Q

Cestode

A

Also known as tapeworms
* long, segmented flat worms

88
Q

Sodium Fluoride

A

Anticoagulant used for glucose preservation
* can interfere with metabolism and other enzymatic tests

89
Q

Parasite of Pig

A

Ascaris suum
* large roundworm of pigs
* most common GI parasite in pigs
* L2 egg ingested
* hepatic migration and molt to L3
* migrate to lungs and get coughed up / swallowed
* become adults in intestine

90
Q

Dexamethasone

A
  • Steroid
  • Not commonly given post-op
  • Can cause immunosuppression / infection at surgical site
91
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

Also called Proin
* treats urinary incontinence in dogs
* can cause hypertension

92
Q

Least to Most Radiodense

A

Darkest to Light
* gas - very dark / black
* fat - dark grey
* soft tissue and fluid - mid grey
* bone - nearly white
* metal - white

93
Q

Horses and Fluids

A

Maximum oral amount is 6-8 L
* best to give small, frequent amounts

94
Q

Metronidazole

A

Also called Flagyl
* antibiotic - treats diarrhea and colitis
* can cause neurological side effects
* treat toxicity with Valium (Diazepam)

95
Q

Chocolate
Toxic Principles

A

Primary Toxin is Methylxanthines
* theobromine
* caffeine

96
Q
A

Trichuris
* whipworm
* bipolar plugs

97
Q

Oestrus ovis

A

Sheep nasal bot

98
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

Small animal disease
* can migrate transplacental and harm fetus
* get from eating undercooked meat or accidental ingestion of oocyte from cat feces

99
Q

Salter-Harris
Fractures

A

Pediatric fractures
* occur at growth plates

100
Q

Rabbits and Anesthesia

A

Best to give pre-medicated sedations prior to induction
* tend to hold breath
* pre-meds: Dex, Valium, Midazolam

101
Q

Pacheco’s Disease

A

Also called Herpes Virus
* highly fatal and contagious
* affects psittacine birds
* contamined food, water, or feces
* C/S: sudden death
* No treatment

102
Q

Fluid Deficit

A

kg x dehydration %
* answer in volume (L)
* turn % into decimal

103
Q

Micturition

A

Urinating

104
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Lines walls of hollow organs
* involuntary control

105
Q

Height for
Goat Fence

A

Minimum 6 feet
* most can jump over anything less

106
Q
A

No. 10 Blade
* most commonly used scalpel blade
* used for incising the skin

107
Q

Portosystemic Shunt

A

Abnormal vessel that allows blood to bypass the liver
* common in “toy” breeds
* yorkies are a staple for this

108
Q

Chordae Tendinae

A

Cord-like tendonsconnects
* connects papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valves
* if ruptured, can lead to CHF due to valves no longer working

109
Q

Minute Volume

A

Volume of air inspired within one minute
* tidal volume X number of breaths

110
Q

DICOM
Image Files

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
* require specific software
* cannot be opened and edited in other softwares

111
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Unable to be given to animals intended for eating
* causes irreversible aplastic anemia in humans

112
Q

Shock
Clinical Signs

A
  • Pale gums (brick red with septic shock)
  • Increased HR
  • Hypotension
  • Decreased temp (elevated with septic shock)
113
Q
A

Senn Rake Retractor
* handheld - not self restraining
* retracts small muscle bellies, ligaments, and tendons

114
Q

Gram-negative Bacteria

A

Release endotoxins when they die

115
Q

BSE

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
* also called Mad Cow Disease
* neurodegenerative prion disease in cattle
* spongy degeneration in brain and spinal cord
* fatal

116
Q

Mammary Tumors
in Dogs & Cats

A

Chance of being Cancerous
* cats: 90%
* dogs: 45-50%

117
Q

Perihilar Lymph Nodes

A

Located inside of the chest
* near hilum (triangular depression above heart)
* not palpable

118
Q
A

Cystine Crystals
* hexagon shape
* caused from renal tubular amino acid reabsorption defect
* genetic abnormaility

119
Q

Cystogram

A

Radiograph of urinary bladder after injection of positive-contrast medium into the bladder
* injected via urinary catheter

120
Q

Pyothorax

A

Purulent fluid in the pleural space
* pus in chest
* often has foul odor

121
Q

Schiff-Sherrington

A

Damage to propiospinal tract in T3-L3 of spinal cord
* forelimbs hypertonicity (stiff) but not paralyzed
* hindlimbs paralyzed

122
Q

Drug Solubility
Inhalant Anesthetic

A

Determines speed of induction and recovery
* low solubility = fast speed

123
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract
Components

A
  • Larynx (past vocal cords)
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
124
Q

X-Ray Cassette Components

A

Ordered how the x-ray enters
* cassette front
* padding
* intensifying screen
* film
* intensifying screen
* padding
* cassette back

125
Q
A

Strongyloides westeri
* parasite of horses
* pass from host in larval form
* oval-shaped, thin-shelled embryonated egg
* transmitted to foal via mare’s milk
* adults not affected unless in tissues migrating to milk
* found in small intestines - causes diarrhea
* treat with Ivermectin or Oxibendazole

126
Q

Horse Height

A

Measured in Hands
* 1 hand = 4 inches

127
Q

What Percent of Body Weight
Horses Consume Per Day

A

Average, 2% of a horse’s body weight should be consumed in hay per day

128
Q

Ethilon Suture

A
  • Nylon
  • Non-absorbable
  • Often used for skin sutures that will be removed
129
Q

Microsporum canis

A

Most common cause of Ringworm
* zoonotic
* fungal disease

VetTechPrep (28 decks)

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