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Bio58 Final > Questions 59-69 p3 > Flashcards

Questions 59-69 p3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are bacteria?

A

Single celled organisms found everywhere that can be:

  1. pathogenic
  2. nonpathogenic
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2
Q

What is an bactericidal?

A

An antibacterial agent that is lethal (kills or destroys) bacteria

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3
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

An antibacterial agent that inhibits the reproduction (Hence growth) of bacteria

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4
Q

What are the 2 main types of bacteria?

A
  1. Gram Negative

2. Gram Positive

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5
Q

What color does Gram Positive Stain and why?

A

Blue/Purple b/c the peptidoglycan in the cell wall stain

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6
Q

What color does Gram Negative Stain and why?

A

Red/Pink b/c the outer layer is a lipopolysaccharide that protects the cell wall

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7
Q

What is bacteria beta-lactamase enzyme?

A

An enzyme (protein) synthesized by bacteria to break part of the antibiotic (named after the first found - penicillinase that breaks the beta-lactam ring)

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8
Q

What are the 7 families of antibiotics to know?

A

TCAMPSF

  1. Tetracyclines
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Aminoglycosides
  4. Macrolides
  5. Penicillins (PCN)
  6. Sulfonamides
  7. Fluoroquinolones
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9
Q

How many generations of pencillin?

A

4

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10
Q

Name 1st generation PCN drugs

A
  1. Penicillin G
  2. Penicillin V
  3. Penicillin Resistant - Methicillin
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11
Q

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 1 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

A

NARROW spectrum
Gram +
ONLY - Methicillin resistant to pencillinase

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12
Q

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 1 for?

A
  1. Ear
  2. Throat
  3. Venereal
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13
Q

Name 2nd generation PCN drugs

A
  1. Amoxicillin

2. Ampicillin

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14
Q

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 2 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

A

BROADER spectrum than gen 1
Gram - and Gram +
ONLY Ampicillin combined with Sulbactam has penicillinase though

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15
Q

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 2 for?

A
  1. Ear
  2. Respiratory
  3. Urinary
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16
Q

Name 3rd generation PCN drugs

A

Ticarcillin

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17
Q

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 3 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

A

BROADER than gen 2
Gram - and Gram +
NO penicillinase

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18
Q

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 3 for?

A

Serious
Respiratory
Urinary

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19
Q

Name 4th Generation PCN drugs

A

Piperacililn

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20
Q

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 4 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

A

BROADER than gen 3
Gram - and Gram +
NO penicillinase

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21
Q

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 4 for?

A

SERIOUS infections

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22
Q

Which generation has resistance to penicillanase enzymes?

A

Generation 1 - Methicillin

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23
Q

Which drug in another PCN generation show power over penicillinase enzyme?

A

2nd Generation:
Generic: Ampicillin & Sulbactam
Brand: Unasyn

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24
Q

What are the pesky SE of all penicillins?

A

Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash

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25
Q

What are the more serious SE of all penicillins?

A

CNS disturbances

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26
Q

What is the main AE of all penicillins?

A

Anaphylaxsis

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27
Q

What pencillin may you give to someone if they absolutely NEED a PCN but are allergic to them?

A

Azetronam

gram - and penicillinase effective

28
Q

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides mainly kill (bactericidal)?

A

Mainly gram -

reserved for gram - nosocomial infections

29
Q

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides?

A

irreversibly attaches to the bacteria’s ribosomes preventing them from synthesizing needed proteins to reproduce

30
Q

Are aminoglycosides well absorbed?

A

No they are not well-absorbed in the GI tract, which is why they are an excellent candidate for pre-surgical treatment of bowel to clean it before abdominal surgery

31
Q

Are aminoglycosides excreted unchanged?

A

Yes, they are not metabolized; hence, they work wonders on resistant UTI’s

32
Q

What are the 2 aminoglycoside drugs to know?

A
  1. Tobramycin (serious gram - infections like pseudomonas aeurginosa)
  2. Neomycin (topical ointment, skin/ocular)
33
Q

What are the SE of aminoglycosides?

A
  1. N/V/D
  2. nephrotoxicity
  3. ototoxicity
34
Q

What is the BIG caution OR CONTRAINDICATION for taking aminoglycosides?

A

DO NOT USE if pregnant
category D (can be used but should not)
fetal hearing loss/deafness

35
Q

What are the 3 drug interactions of aminoglycosides?

A
  1. some peripheral neuromuscular activity
  2. increase in ototoxicity when on diuretics
  3. increase in nephrotoxicity when used while on cephalosporins
36
Q

Are aminglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal

37
Q

What are the 3 macrolide drugs?

A
  1. Erhthromycin
  2. Azithromycin
  3. Clarithromycin
38
Q

What’s a key difference between macrolides and aminoglycosides?

A
  1. Macrolides have a large chemical ring

2. Macrolides are ONLY bacteriostatic, not bacteriocidal

39
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

A

Bacteriostatic

40
Q

What is the MOA of tetracyclines?

A

interfere with bacteria protein synthesis

41
Q

What type of bacteria are tetracyclines used for?

A

Gram - and Gram +

42
Q

What other antibiotic are aminoglycosides an occasional alternative to?

A

PCN

43
Q

What should you avoid when dosing with tetracycline?

A

Calcium products (milk, antacids, mineral supplements) form an insoluble compound and less drug is bioavailable

44
Q

How far before a meal or eating anything with calcium should you take tetracyclines?

A

1 hour

45
Q

What are the clinical indications for tetracyclines?

A

CARL U

  1. Cholera/Typhus
  2. Acne
  3. Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
  4. Lyme Disease
  5. Urethritis
46
Q

What are the side effects of tetracycline?

A
  1. N/V/D

2. Photosensitivity (red rash)

47
Q

Who is this drug CONTRAINDICATED for?

A
  1. children under 8
  2. pregnant women
    BECAUSE it is absorbed in growing bone
  3. yellowing teeth
  4. depression of bone growth
48
Q

What are the 2 tetracycline drugs to know?

A
  1. Tetracycline

2. Minocycline

49
Q

What antibiotic category does Ceftriaxone belong to?

A

3rd Generation Cephalosporins

50
Q

What antibiotic category does Ticarcillin belong to?

A

3rd Generation PCN

51
Q

What antibiotic category does Azithromycin belong to?

A

Macrolides

52
Q

What antibiotic category does ciprofloxacin belong to?

A

Fluoroquinolones

53
Q

What are the SE/AE of fluoroquinolones?

A
  1. dizziness
  2. gi upset
  3. headache
  4. rash
54
Q

Who is it recommended NOT take fluoroquinolones?

A
  1. children

2. pregnant women (ci for fetus)

55
Q

What is unique about fluroquinolones?

A

synthetic antibiotic against gram - and gram + with broad spectrum activity

56
Q

What is crystalluria?

A

when a substance forms crystals in the renal tubules which can cause cellular damage

57
Q

What antibitoic is known for causing crystalluria?

A

Sulfanomides - hence why you are told to drink a ton of water with them!

58
Q

What is the drug to know for sulfanomides?

A

Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Septra/Bactrim) = synergistic effect of inhibiting bacteria’s MUCH needed use of folic acid for protein buildling?

59
Q

What is a fungicidal agent?

A

An agent that is lethal to fungus

60
Q

How are fungus bugs classified?

A

by type of fungal infection

61
Q

What are the common dermatophytic fungal infections?

A

Hair, Skin and Nails

  1. tinea capitis (scalp fungus)
  2. tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), tinea cruris (jock itch)
  3. tinea unguium (nail fungus)
62
Q

What is Candida Albicans?

A

A yeast which typically infects the skin and mucous membranes (thrush and vaginal)

63
Q

Name the 3 antifungal drugs

A
  1. Amphotercin B
  2. “Azole” Drugs
  3. Nystatin
64
Q

List the “azole” drugs

A

MIFK

  1. miconazole
  2. itraconazole
  3. fluconazole
  4. ketoconazole
65
Q

What 2 main conditions is nystatin used to treat?

A
  1. Candidas Intestinal (intestinal yeast infection)

2. Vaginal Candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection?

66
Q

What is Amphotericin B used to treat?

A

Invasive fungal infections including:

  1. Aspergillus
  2. Candida
  3. Cryptococcus
  4. Histoplasmosis
  5. Blastomycosis
67
Q

Define acquired immunity.

A

Where one-time exposure allows antibodies to be produced and protect them body from future infections.

Bio58 Final (9 decks)

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