Single celled organisms found everywhere that can be: 1. pathogenic 2. nonpathogenic

Questions 59-69 p3 Flashcards by amy valine

What are bacteria?

Single celled organisms found everywhere that can be:

pathogenic
nonpathogenic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an bactericidal?

An antibacterial agent that is lethal (kills or destroys) bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a bacteriostatic?

An antibacterial agent that inhibits the reproduction (Hence growth) of bacteria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 2 main types of bacteria?

Gram Negative

2. Gram Positive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color does Gram Positive Stain and why?

Blue/Purple b/c the peptidoglycan in the cell wall stain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What color does Gram Negative Stain and why?

Red/Pink b/c the outer layer is a lipopolysaccharide that protects the cell wall

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is bacteria beta-lactamase enzyme?

An enzyme (protein) synthesized by bacteria to break part of the antibiotic (named after the first found - penicillinase that breaks the beta-lactam ring)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 7 families of antibiotics to know?

TCAMPSF

Tetracyclines
Cephalosporins
Aminoglycosides
Macrolides
Penicillins (PCN)
Sulfonamides
Fluoroquinolones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many generations of pencillin?

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 1st generation PCN drugs

Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Penicillin Resistant - Methicillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 1 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

NARROW spectrum
Gram +
ONLY - Methicillin resistant to pencillinase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 1 for?

Ear
Throat
Venereal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 2nd generation PCN drugs

Amoxicillin

2. Ampicillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 2 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

BROADER spectrum than gen 1
Gram - and Gram +
ONLY Ampicillin combined with Sulbactam has penicillinase though

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 2 for?

Ear
Respiratory
Urinary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 3rd generation PCN drugs

Ticarcillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 3 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

BROADER than gen 2
Gram - and Gram +
NO penicillinase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 3 for?

Serious
Respiratory
Urinary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 4th Generation PCN drugs

Piperacililn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What spectrum of activity do PCN gen 4 drugs have and what type of bacteria do they target?

BROADER than gen 3
Gram - and Gram +
NO penicillinase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of infections do we use PCN gen 4 for?

SERIOUS infections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which generation has resistance to penicillanase enzymes?

Generation 1 - Methicillin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which drug in another PCN generation show power over penicillinase enzyme?

2nd Generation:
Generic: Ampicillin & Sulbactam
Brand: Unasyn

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the pesky SE of all penicillins?

Nausea
Diarrhea
Rash

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the more serious SE of all penicillins?

CNS disturbances

What is the main AE of all penicillins?

Anaphylaxsis

What pencillin may you give to someone if they absolutely NEED a PCN but are allergic to them?

Azetronam | gram - and penicillinase effective

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides mainly kill (bactericidal)?

Mainly gram - | **reserved for gram - nosocomial infections**

What is the MOA of aminoglycosides?

irreversibly attaches to the bacteria's ribosomes preventing them from synthesizing needed proteins to reproduce

Are aminoglycosides well absorbed?

No they are not well-absorbed in the GI tract, which is why they are an excellent candidate for pre-surgical treatment of bowel to clean it before abdominal surgery

Are aminoglycosides excreted unchanged?

Yes, they are not metabolized; hence, they work wonders on resistant UTI's

What are the 2 aminoglycoside drugs to know?

1. Tobramycin (serious gram - infections like pseudomonas aeurginosa) 2. Neomycin (topical ointment, skin/ocular)

What are the SE of aminoglycosides?

1. N/V/D 2. nephrotoxicity 3. ototoxicity

What is the BIG caution OR CONTRAINDICATION for taking aminoglycosides?

DO NOT USE if pregnant category D (can be used but should not) fetal hearing loss/deafness

What are the 3 drug interactions of aminoglycosides?

1. some peripheral neuromuscular activity 2. increase in ototoxicity when on diuretics 3. increase in nephrotoxicity when used while on cephalosporins

Are aminglycosides bactericidal or bacteriostatic?

bactericidal

What are the 3 macrolide drugs?

1. Erhthromycin 2. Azithromycin 3. Clarithromycin

What's a key difference between macrolides and aminoglycosides?

1. Macrolides have a large chemical ring | 2. Macrolides are ONLY bacteriostatic, not bacteriocidal

Are tetracyclines bacteriocidal or bacteriostatic?

Bacteriostatic

What is the MOA of tetracyclines?

interfere with bacteria protein synthesis

What type of bacteria are tetracyclines used for?

Gram - and Gram +

What other antibiotic are aminoglycosides an occasional alternative to?

PCN

What should you avoid when dosing with tetracycline?

Calcium products (milk, antacids, mineral supplements) form an insoluble compound and less drug is bioavailable

How far before a meal or eating anything with calcium should you take tetracyclines?

1 hour

What are the clinical indications for tetracyclines?

CARL U 1. Cholera/Typhus 2. Acne 3. Rickettsiae (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever) 4. Lyme Disease 5. Urethritis

What are the side effects of tetracycline?

1. N/V/D | 2. Photosensitivity (red rash)

Who is this drug CONTRAINDICATED for?

1. children under 8 2. pregnant women BECAUSE it is absorbed in growing bone 1. yellowing teeth 2. depression of bone growth

What are the 2 tetracycline drugs to know?

1. Tetracycline | 2. Minocycline

What antibiotic category does Ceftriaxone belong to?

3rd Generation Cephalosporins

What antibiotic category does Ticarcillin belong to?

3rd Generation PCN

What antibiotic category does Azithromycin belong to?

Macrolides

What antibiotic category does ciprofloxacin belong to?

Fluoroquinolones

What are the SE/AE of fluoroquinolones?

1. dizziness 2. gi upset 3. headache 4. rash

Who is it recommended NOT take fluoroquinolones?

1. children | 2. pregnant women (ci for fetus)

What is unique about fluroquinolones?

synthetic antibiotic against gram - and gram + with broad spectrum activity

What is crystalluria?

when a substance forms crystals in the renal tubules which can cause cellular damage

What antibitoic is known for causing crystalluria?

Sulfanomides - hence why you are told to drink a ton of water with them!

What is the drug to know for sulfanomides?

Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Septra/Bactrim) = synergistic effect of inhibiting bacteria's MUCH needed use of folic acid for protein buildling?

What is a fungicidal agent?

An agent that is lethal to fungus

How are fungus bugs classified?

by type of fungal infection

What are the common dermatophytic fungal infections?

Hair, Skin and Nails 1. tinea capitis (scalp fungus) 2. tinea pedis (athlete's foot), tinea cruris (jock itch) 3. tinea unguium (nail fungus)

What is Candida Albicans?

A yeast which typically infects the skin and mucous membranes (thrush and vaginal)

Name the 3 antifungal drugs

1. Amphotercin B 2. "Azole" Drugs 3. Nystatin

List the "azole" drugs

MIFK 1. miconazole 2. itraconazole 3. fluconazole 4. ketoconazole

What 2 main conditions is nystatin used to treat?

1. Candidas Intestinal (intestinal yeast infection) | 2. Vaginal Candidiasis (vaginal yeast infection?

What is Amphotericin B used to treat?

Invasive fungal infections including: 1. Aspergillus 2. Candida 3. Cryptococcus 4. Histoplasmosis 5. Blastomycosis

Define acquired immunity.

Where one-time exposure allows antibodies to be produced and protect them body from future infections.