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Bio58 Final > Questions 35 thru 46 p2 > Flashcards

Questions 35 thru 46 p2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 endocrine glands in the brain?

A
  1. Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary Gland

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2
Q

What are the 2 portions of the pituitary gland/

A
  1. Anterior Pituitary Gland

2. Posterior Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

What does the hypothalmus do?

A
  1. produces hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to produce/release its hormones
  2. produces hormones released thru posterior pituitary gland
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4
Q

What are the 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus and released though the posterior pituitary gland?

A
  1. Oxytocin

2. Vasopression/ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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5
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A 
Females = uterine contractions
Males = offspring bonding
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6
Q

What does vasopressin/ADH do?

A

binds with principal cells in the late DCT to create aquaporin channels to reabsorb water

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7
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

A

Produce and release hormones that affect homeostasis in body or other endocrine glands

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8
Q

What do we call the hormones as a group made by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Tropic Hormones

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9
Q

Name the Hormones produced by the anteriortpituitary gland.

A 
GSH - Growth Stimulating Hormone
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH - Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone
FSH - Follice Stimulating Hormone
LSH - Luteinizing Stimulating Hormone
Prolactin
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10
Q

What does GSH do?

A

control all over body tissue growth and repair

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11
Q

What does TSH do?

A

stimulate the Thyroid to release T3 and T4

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12
Q

What dos FSH do?

A 
Males = production of sperm
Females = maintenance of cycle
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13
Q

What does LSH do?

A 
Males = production of testosterone
Females = mature oocyte, produce estrogen and progesterone
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14
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

stimulate mammary glands to produce milk

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15
Q

Where are corticosteroids produced?

A

Adrenal Gland (atop the kidneys)

  1. Adrenal Cortex (outer edge)
  2. Adrenal Medulla (inner core)
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16
Q

What 2 groups of corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex produce?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralcorticoids

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17
Q

What endocrine gland is the “master control”?

A

Pituitary Gland (specifically - the Anterior)

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18
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

Stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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19
Q

What is the glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

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20
Q

What does cortisol control?

A
  1. directly influences carbohydrate metabolism:
    gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism
  2. inhibits the inflammatory process
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21
Q

What is cortisol more potent than?

A

NSAID’s

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22
Q

What stage of inflammation does cortisol interfere with?

A

ALL

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23
Q

What is the mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone - regulate Na+ reabsorption and hence water - fluid balance

24
Q

Why should you take food when taking steroids?

A

upset the GI tract, so take with food or antacid

25
Q

What are the side effects of steroids?

A

MIMECW

  1. moon face/edema
  2. immune system supressed
  3. muchines/eating
  4. electrolyte imbalance
  5. cardiac function
  6. weigh loss
26
Q

What patients should be careful when taking steroids?

A
  1. Diabetic Patients for hyperglycemia - may need more insulin
  2. Diuretics - loss of potassium (Hypokalemia) - especially Loop or Thiazide
27
Q

If a patient has this infection, they should NOT be given steroids or it will make it worse . . .

A

fungal infection

28
Q

What should you NOT give to a patient on steroids?

A

Live vaccinations

29
Q

What endocrine gland controls blood glucose?

A

Pancreas

30
Q

What specific part of the pancreas produces and releases hormones to control glucose?

A

Islet of Langerhans

31
Q

What are the 2 types of cells and what hormone does each produce?

A

ALPHA cells = Glucagon

BETA cells = Insulin

32
Q

What does insulin do?

A
  1. binds to cell and opens gate so glucose can come in

2. regulates synthesis of glycogen

33
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

catabolizes glycogen to put glucose in blood

34
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

An imbalance in carbohydrate metabolism due to insufficient or absent insulin

35
Q

What are the 2 types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 - childhood onset (LACK of insulin)

Type 2 - adult onset (now kids too) (not enough insulin or receptors are desensitized)

36
Q

What are the 3 P symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Polyuria - lots of urine
  2. Polydipsia - lots of thirst
  3. Polyphagia - lots of hunger
37
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

cells starving for glucose, so break down fats, releasing fatty acids into blood which causes:

  1. loss of electrolytes
  2. produces CNS depression
  3. resulting in diabetic coma/death
38
Q

Which type of diabetes is more likely to have ketoacidosis?

A

Type 1

39
Q

What are the common complications of diabetes mellitus?

A

ARBRNS

  1. atherosclerosis
  2. retinal hemorrhage
  3. blindness
  4. renal dysfunction
  5. neuropathy
  6. skin infection
40
Q

Name the 4 categories of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus

A

IOAA

  1. Insulin
  2. Oral Hypoglycemics
  3. Anti-diabetics
  4. Anti-hyperglycemics
41
Q

What are the 3 categories of insulin?

A
  1. Short-acting insulin
  2. Intermediate-acting insulin
  3. Long-acting insulin
42
Q

What are the generic/brand drug names of short-acting insulin and duration of action?

A

Generic: Insulin
Brand: Humulin R, Lispro
Duration of Action: 6-8 hours

43
Q

What are the generic/brand drug names of intermediate-acting insulin and duration of action?

A

Generic: Isophane Insulin
Brand: Humulin N, Humulin L
Duration of Action: 16-20 hours

44
Q

What are the generic/brand drug names of long-acting insulin and the duration of action?

A

Generic: Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension
Brand: Humulin U
Duration of Action: 24+

45
Q

What are the 2 drugs to know for oral hypoglycemics?

A
  1. Glipizide

2. Glyburide

46
Q

What is the MOA of oral hypoglycemics?

A

a sulfonylurea compound enters beta cells of pancreas and causes insulin to be released

47
Q

What type of diabetes does oral hypoglycemics work best?

A

Type 2

48
Q

What is an oral hypoglycemic NOT?

A

insulin - so won’t work for type 1 who DON’T have insulin

49
Q

How are the insulin drugs administered?

A

Typically SubCutaneous but can be:
IV
IM
inhalation

50
Q

What is the drug to know for anti-diabetic?

A 
Generic = Acarbose
Brand = Precose
51
Q

What is the MOA for anti-diabetic (acarbose)?

A

MOA = inhibits the 2 enzymes that break down oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose thereby delaying the absorption of glucose into the blood stream

52
Q

What is the name of the 2 enzymes inhibited by Acarbose?

A
  1. glycoside-hydrolase

2. alpha-amylase

53
Q

What is the route of administration for acarbose?

A

orally with each meal

54
Q

What are the SE of acarbose?

A

FAD

  1. Flatulence
  2. Abdominal Pain
  3. Diarrhea
55
Q

What is the drug to know for anti-hyperglycemic?

A 
Generic = Metformin
Brand = Glucophage
56
Q

What is the MOA of antihyperglycemics?

A

MOA =

  1. keep glucose levels from rising too fast or too high after a meal (post prandial) by decreasing liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption
  2. enhance utilization of glucose by other tissues/cells
57
Q

Which 2 diabetic drug treatment categories DO NOT lower glucose or affect insulin levels?

A
  1. Anti-diabetics

2. Anti-hyperglycemics

Bio58 Final (9 decks)

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