Questions 35 thru 46 p2 Flashcards by amy valine

What are the 2 endocrine glands in the brain?

Hypothalamus

2. Pituitary Gland

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What are the 2 portions of the pituitary gland/

Anterior Pituitary Gland

2. Posterior Pituitary Gland

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What does the hypothalmus do?

produces hormones to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to produce/release its hormones
produces hormones released thru posterior pituitary gland

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What are the 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus and released though the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin

2. Vasopression/ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

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What does oxytocin do?

Females = uterine contractions
Males = offspring bonding

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What does vasopressin/ADH do?

binds with principal cells in the late DCT to create aquaporin channels to reabsorb water

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What does the anterior pituitary gland do?

Produce and release hormones that affect homeostasis in body or other endocrine glands

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What do we call the hormones as a group made by the anterior pituitary gland?

Tropic Hormones

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Name the Hormones produced by the anteriortpituitary gland.

GSH - Growth Stimulating Hormone
TSH - Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
ACTH - Adrenalcorticotropic Hormone
FSH - Follice Stimulating Hormone
LSH - Luteinizing Stimulating Hormone
Prolactin

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What does GSH do?

control all over body tissue growth and repair

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What does TSH do?

stimulate the Thyroid to release T3 and T4

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What dos FSH do?

Males = production of sperm
Females = maintenance of cycle

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What does LSH do?

Males = production of testosterone
Females = mature oocyte, produce estrogen and progesterone

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What does prolactin do?

stimulate mammary glands to produce milk

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Where are corticosteroids produced?

Adrenal Gland (atop the kidneys)

Adrenal Cortex (outer edge)
Adrenal Medulla (inner core)

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What 2 groups of corticosteroids does the adrenal cortex produce?

Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralcorticoids

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What endocrine gland is the “master control”?

Pituitary Gland (specifically - the Anterior)

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what does ACTH do?

Stimulate the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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What is the glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

Cortisol

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What does cortisol control?

directly influences carbohydrate metabolism:
gluconeogenesis and protein catabolism
inhibits the inflammatory process

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What is cortisol more potent than?

NSAID’s

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What stage of inflammation does cortisol interfere with?

ALL

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What is the mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex?

Aldosterone - regulate Na+ reabsorption and hence water - fluid balance

Why should you take food when taking steroids?

upset the GI tract, so take with food or antacid

What are the side effects of steroids?

MIMECW 1. moon face/edema 2. immune system supressed 3. muchines/eating 4. electrolyte imbalance 5. cardiac function 6. weigh loss

What patients should be careful when taking steroids?

1. Diabetic Patients for hyperglycemia - may need more insulin 2. Diuretics - loss of potassium (Hypokalemia) - especially Loop or Thiazide

If a patient has **this** infection, they should NOT be given steroids or it will make it worse . . .

fungal infection

What should you NOT give to a patient on steroids?

Live vaccinations

What endocrine gland controls blood glucose?

Pancreas

What specific part of the pancreas produces and releases hormones to control glucose?

Islet of Langerhans

What are the 2 types of cells and what hormone does each produce?

ALPHA cells = Glucagon | BETA cells = Insulin

What does insulin do?

1. binds to cell and opens gate so glucose can come in | 2. regulates synthesis of glycogen

What does glucagon do?

catabolizes glycogen to put glucose in blood

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

An imbalance in carbohydrate metabolism due to insufficient or absent insulin

What are the 2 types of diabetes?

Type 1 - childhood onset (LACK of insulin) | Type 2 - adult onset (now kids too) (not enough insulin or receptors are desensitized)

What are the 3 P symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

1. Polyuria - lots of urine 2. Polydipsia - lots of thirst 3. Polyphagia - lots of hunger

What is ketoacidosis?

cells starving for glucose, so break down fats, releasing fatty acids into blood which causes: 1. loss of electrolytes 2. produces CNS depression 3. resulting in diabetic coma/death

Which type of diabetes is more likely to have ketoacidosis?

Type 1

What are the common complications of diabetes mellitus?

ARBRNS 1. atherosclerosis 2. retinal hemorrhage 3. blindness 4. renal dysfunction 6. neuropathy 7. skin infection

Name the 4 categories of drugs used to treat diabetes mellitus

IOAA 1. Insulin 2. Oral Hypoglycemics 3. Anti-diabetics 4. Anti-hyperglycemics

What are the 3 categories of insulin?

1. Short-acting insulin 2. Intermediate-acting insulin 3. Long-acting insulin

What are the generic/brand drug names of short-acting insulin and duration of action?

Generic: Insulin Brand: Humulin R, Lispro Duration of Action: 6-8 hours

What are the generic/brand drug names of intermediate-acting insulin and duration of action?

Generic: Isophane Insulin Brand: Humulin N, Humulin L Duration of Action: 16-20 hours

What are the generic/brand drug names of long-acting insulin and the duration of action?

Generic: Extended Insulin Zinc Suspension Brand: Humulin U Duration of Action: 24+

What are the 2 drugs to know for oral hypoglycemics?

1. Glipizide | 2. Glyburide

What is the MOA of oral hypoglycemics?

a sulfonylurea compound enters beta cells of pancreas and causes insulin to be released

What type of diabetes does oral hypoglycemics work best?

Type 2

What is an oral hypoglycemic NOT?

insulin - so won't work for type 1 who DON'T have insulin

How are the insulin drugs administered?

Typically SubCutaneous but can be: IV IM inhalation

What is the drug to know for anti-diabetic?

``` Generic = Acarbose Brand = Precose ```

What is the MOA for anti-diabetic (acarbose)?

MOA = inhibits the 2 enzymes that break down oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose thereby delaying the absorption of glucose into the blood stream

What is the name of the 2 enzymes inhibited by Acarbose?

1. glycoside-hydrolase | 2. alpha-amylase

What is the route of administration for acarbose?

orally with each meal

What are the SE of acarbose?

FAD 1. Flatulence 2. Abdominal Pain 3. Diarrhea

What is the drug to know for anti-hyperglycemic?

``` Generic = Metformin Brand = Glucophage ```

What is the MOA of antihyperglycemics?

MOA = 1. keep glucose levels from rising too fast or too high after a meal (post prandial) by decreasing liver glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption 2. enhance utilization of glucose by other tissues/cells

Which 2 diabetic drug treatment categories DO NOT lower glucose or affect insulin levels?

1. Anti-diabetics | 2. Anti-hyperglycemics