Question 2 - prevention, punishement , sentencing Flashcards
what are methods of prevention are by Right realism ?
- Situational crime prevention
- Environmental crime prevention
what are methods of prevention by left realism ?
- Early intervention
- Improve social inequality and the community
what are methods of prevention by postmodernism ?
- Private crime prevention techniques
- Localised and community based policing policies
what is the left realist approach to crime prevention ?
Left realist approach suggests that by dealing with social inequality that lead to crime will reduce the crime rate.
what is Early intervention in Left realism ?
This involves identifying groups at risk of committing crime and taking action to limit offending. One of the best known intervention projects aimed at reducing criminality is the Perry pre-school project
what is improving the community and addressing social inequality ?
This involves improving services in the community . For example youth groups and community centre which will help to create a sense of community , parenting groups to help gain skills to improve parenting skills and increasing community police officers to improve community relations and trust with the police.
what is the evaluation of left realism in preventing crime ?
It assumes everyone will cooperate
It ignores issues such institutional racism in the police force which can limit the effectiveness of community and social policies.
what is the Perry pre school project ?
It is one of the best known interventional projects aimed at reducing criminality is the Perry Pre school project for disadvantaged black children which took place in the USA. In this programme a group of 3 to 4 year olds were offered a 2 year intellectual enrichment programme during which time the children received weekly home visits.
what is the right realist approach to crime prevention ?
Right Realist approach is more individualistic . Right realists feel that crime is a more rational choice and that criminals are able to commit crime because the benefit outweighs the cost of being caught and there are too many opportunities to commit crime
what is situational crime prevention in Right Realism ?
It is a pre-emptive approach that aims to make it harder to commit crime in the first place by adding bars and bolts on windows , using alarm systems , Increasing CCTV and putting more police on the streets
what is zero tolerance policing in Right realists crime prevention ?
Zero tolerance policing is based on the view that disorder and the absence of control leads to crime . It involves enforcing harsh penalties for relatively minor crimes. For example , instead of fining or giving a caution for a first offence of theft. It was proven to be effective in New York in the 1980s
what is the evaluation of Right realist crime prevention ?
It deals with the symptoms not the cause of crime.
It targets working class people and street crime only.
Criminals may just move on to another area
what is the approach of postmodernist crime prevention ?
Crime prevention is sucessful when using private crime prevention techniques. For example , using private security firms , using complex security alarm systems and having insurance rather than relying on the police force
what is Foucault in crime prevention in postmodernism ?
Foucault states that crime is prevented through surveillance which is now part of our everyday lives and it is used to control everyone. This leads to greater self surveillance where people monitor themselves due to the fear of being judged by others.
what do postmodernists believe about crime prevention ?
The consumer culture in modern society has allowed our lives to become transparent and less private. People are monitored and data is gathered through technology.
People are then targeted with advertising , making them become more obsessed with buying goods and services preventing them from criminal and deviant behaviour
Some members of society are not seduced by the consumer culture and remain interested in disrupting society. More aggressive forms of policing are only appropriate for those who don’t want to cooperate in the consumer society.
what is the punishment for crime in postmodernism ?
Postmodernists would argue that punishment should take place in the form of control through surveillance and monitoring.
Most people obey the rules because they know as a result they are being watched and they regulate their own behaviour as a result.
This monitoring and surveillance approach to punishment, aims to change the thinking and behaviour of offenders.. They must constantly self monitor due to fear of being caught on camera so they end up discipling themselves.
Therefore in the case study the offender could also be given a community order where they are monitored and controlled with the hope that they will eventually self monitor their own behaviour
what do functionalists believe about crime punishment ?
They believe punishment should reinforce shared values of what is socially acceptable and unacceptable . Functionalists suggest that main justification for punishment are reduction, restitution and retribution.
what is reduction in functionalism according to crime punishment ?
Reduction is preventing the criminal from committing further crime through deterrence or incapacitation.
what are examples of reduction in functionalism ?
Prison sentences
Hefty fines
community orders
imposing bans
curfews
rehabiliation
what is retribution in functionalism according to crime punishment ?
Retribution is where the individual is punished, Proportionally for what they have done. The severity of the punishment is proportionate to the seriousness of the crime.
what is restitution in functionalism according to crime punishment ?
Restitution is where an offender is ordered to compensate the victim for losses suffered as a result of the crime committed.
What is an example of Restitution ?
A shoplifter who is ordered to repay a store owner for the cost of a stolen item, or an assailant who must pay their victim medical expenses after a violent assault.
what do Marxists believe about crime punishment ?
Marxists suggest that both the workplace and prison are a way of discipling workers into following capitalist society. Enforcing laws made by the elite for the protection of the elite is often used to control unemployment in society , which is why prison is used when it may not be the most cost effective way of punishing crime. Crime against the assets of capitalism is punished more harshly than crimes against the person such as assault.
what is the neo- Marxist box ?
It suggests that criminals sub classes are used as a deterrent to keep the working class in line and in employment , as criminals are less deserving to help . Although prison can be used as a capitalist tool to install discipline within the working class.
What are examples of community sentence ?
- Doing unpaid work
- Taking part in a rehabilitation programme to help change offending behaviour
- Being banned to take part in particular activities
- Sticking to a curfew that means being in a particular place at certain times
- Meeting an exclusion requirement which means not being allowed to go to particular places
- being obliged to live at a particular address
- Being prohibited from travelling overseas
- undergoing treatment such as mental health, Drug rehabilitation and alcohol treatment.
Electronic monitoring
