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Animal Reproduction > Quest 3 > Flashcards

Quest 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • dependent on androgens for full development
  • produce components of seminal fluids necessary for final alterations and packaging of sperm
  • once sperm is mixed with this fluid available for delivery by ejaculation
    1. Prostate Gland
    2. Bulbourethral Gland (Cowpers’ glands)
    3. Seminal Vesicles
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2
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A
  • white connective tissue capsule that covers the testes
  • lies immediately below the visceral vaginal tunic
  • very intimately associated with the testicular parenchyma(tissue of the testis)
  • sends finger like projections into the parenchyma of the testicle
  • the surfaces of the projections join with the mediastinum (center of the testis)
  • > formation of lobes and lobules
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3
Q

Testes Positions

A
  • vary by species
    1. Scrotal cavity outside of the body in the scrotum
  • horses, dogs, humans
  • cooling purpose
    2. Retroperitoneal position
  • testes never descend, they stay behind the peritoneum
  • testes located inside the body
  • chickens and elephants
    3. Can move the testes in and out of the body based on the temperature throughout their lives
  • rabbits and mice
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4
Q

Excurrent Duct System

A
  • function in sperm maturation during passage, acquiring motility and fertilization ability
    1. Epididymis
    2. Ductus Deferens
    3. Pelvic Urethra
    4. Penile Urethra
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5
Q

Inguinal Ring

A
  • prevents other animals from moving the testes in and out

- it is the passageway from the body cavity into the scrotum

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6
Q

Tubular Compartment

A
  • consists of seminiferous tubules
  • connected to the mediastinum by rete tubules (small tubules)
  • support sertoli cells (nurse cells)
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7
Q

What layers contract to move sperm

A
  • muscularis layers of the ductus deferens and epididymal duct
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8
Q

Ampulla

A
  • thickened portion of the ductus deferens as it gets closer to the pelvis, opens directly into the pelvic urethra
  • lots of mucus secretion (seminal fluid)
  • pass through the accessory sex glands
  • connects to the pelvic urethra to get semen and not just sperm cells
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9
Q

Gubernaculum

A
  • ligament that governs the movement of the scrotum
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10
Q

Male Anatomy/Tract (Factory)

A
  1. Testes (Gonads)
    - — Tract
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus(Vas) Deferens
  4. Accessory Sex Glands
    - —- Ends
  5. Penis (External Genitalia)
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11
Q

Penis

A
  • the delivery system
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12
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • the central connective tissue core of the testis that houses ducts called rete tubules
  • helps prevent compression or collapse of the rete tubules so sperm and fluid from the seminiferous tubules can move out of the testes
  • rete tubules are tiny channels which sperm are transported out of the testes
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13
Q

Sigmoid flexure

A
  • is an S shaped configuration along the shaft of the penis

- allows the penis to retract (within the sheath) until erection occurs

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • the process of sperm development in the seminiferous tubules
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15
Q

Penis 3 parts

A
  1. Base of the penis
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans Penis (specialized distal end)
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16
Q

Autoimmune protection

A
  • tight junction between the cell types to prevent spermatoglobulins from ruining the cells
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17
Q

Testicular Parenchyma

A
  • major mass of tissues in the testis
    2 Portions
    1. Tubular Compartment
    2. Interstitial Compartment
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18
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A
  • intertwining veins and arteries coming from and going to the testis
  • testicular veins that branch into an elaborate network that forms many intimate finger-like wrappings surrounding the highly convoluted testicular artery within the spermatic cord
  • supplies the blood
  • counter current exchange
  • maintains proper temperature control of the testis by pre-cooling the arterial blood prior to reaching the testes
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19
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • comprise the tubular compartment of the parenchyma

- form highly convoluted loops, the ends join the rete tubules and will find their way back to the mediastinum

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20
Q

Glans penis

A
  • homolog to the clitoris
  • heavily populated with sensory nerves
  • trigger and stimulatory for ejaculation is found here
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21
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • final alterations and packaging take place here
22
Q

Outermost layer of the scrotum

A
  • the skin
  • sweat glands
  • hair
  • innervated, large number of nerves (feeling)
  • stratified squamous epithelium (protection)
23
Q

Rete Tubules

A
  • interconnected channels in the mediastinum testis that receive sperm from the seminiferous tubules
  • efferent ducts connect the rete tubules to the epididymis
  • efferent ducts send sperm toward the epididymis
24
Q

Parietal Vaginal Tunic

A
  • closer to the body wall of the scrotum than the visceral
  • innermost layer of the scrotum
  • far more extensive than the visceral, covers more area
  • derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
25
Q

Tunica Dartos

A
  • meshlike smooth muscle located just beneath the scrotal skin
  • allows for longer contractions of the smooth muscle that constantly responds to changes in the scrotal skin temperature
  • when the testes are exposed to high temps, the tunica dartos relaxes, which unwrinkles the skin and allows the testes to move further away from the body (cooling mechanism)
  • cremaster muscle will also relax and allow testes to move inferiorly away from the body
  • in cold temperatures allows testes to be held close to the body for sustained periods, the tunica dartos and cremaster muscles will contract to conserve heat
26
Q

Epididymis

A
  • androgen(testosterone) dependent once reached
  • very coiled and surrounded by smooth muscle!!
  • once sperm is produced it will travel through the rete tubules and the efferent ducts to reach the head and body of the epididymis
  • the head and body are the “finishing shops” where the sperm will mature to become fertile
  • then it will go to the tail which is the “warehouse and shipping center”
  • once reach the tail they are fully functional sperm, will remain in the tail until male ready to release (rest here)
  • will serve as a storage organ and be released via contractions of the ductus deferens and epididymis
27
Q

Stimulation through pressure and temperature is for what species?

A
  • ram, bull, tom
28
Q

Scrotum

A
  • two lobed sac where the testes are
  • aid in protection, support, and temperature regulation
  • the ideal temperature for production and storing sperm is 2-3’C lower than internal body temperature
  • skin covered-sacs that provide the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development and maturation
    4 Layers
    1. outermost layer- skin
    2. Tunica Dartos
    3. Scrotal Fascia
    4. Parietal Vaginal Tunic
29
Q

How does the scrotum react to external temperature changes?

A
  • a counter current exchange system in the scrotum
  • when the testes are exposed to high temps, the tunica dartos relaxes, which unwrinkles the skin and allows the testes to move further away from the body (cooling mechanism)
  • cremaster muscle will also relax and allow testes to move inferiorly away from the body
  • in cold temperatures allows testes to be held close to the body for sustained periods, the tunica dartos and cremaster muscles will contract to conserve heat
30
Q

Vaginal Tunics

A
  • derived from the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
  • “sheath”
  • parietal vaginal tunic and visceral vaginal tunic
  • the two are separated by a vaginal cavity
31
Q

Male Reproductive Tract

A
  1. Seminiferous Tubules
  2. Epididymis
  3. Ductus Deferens
  4. Pelvic Urethra
  5. Penile Urethra
32
Q

Ductus Deferens

A
  • when the sperm leave the epididymis they enter here
  • travels within the spermatic cord
  • creates contractions to transport the sperm back to the body
  • travels through the inguinal ring and enters the pelvic cavity before nearing the prostate gland
  • as nears the prostate gland it enlarges and forms the ampulla of the ductus deferens
33
Q

Bilateral Testes

A
  • both testes are missing

- infertile

34
Q

Tom’s glans penis

A
  • has the most specific penis
  • covered with spines/small barbs
  • androgen dependent (testosterone) and disappear when castrated
  • cats are induced sporadically, barbs cause ovulation in female queen
35
Q

Unilateral Testes

A
  • one testis is missing

- still fertile

36
Q

Inguinal Ring

A
  • the passageway from the body cavity into the scrotum

- the spermatic cord originates here and travels to the testis

37
Q

Testis

A
  • sperm production
  • hormone production (testosterone)
  • fluid production (originates from seminiferous tubules)
38
Q

Vaginal Cavity

A
  • the interval between the parietal vaginal tunic and the visceral vaginal tunic
39
Q

Spermatic Cord

A
  • originates at the inguinal ring and travels to the testis
  • suspends the testis in the scrotum
  • blood vessels and nerves to the testis travel from within the abdomen to the scrotum via the spermatic cord
  • provides a pathway to and from the body for the testicular vasculature, lymphatics and nerves
  • houses the ductus deferens, the cremaster muscle and a specialized vascular network called the pampiniform plexus
40
Q

Testes (gonads)

A
  • the primary sex organ
  • within the scrotum
  • are the manufacturers of sperm production (spermatogenesis) and androgens (male sex hormones)
  • produce about 25 million sperm a day
41
Q

Scrotal Fascia

A
  • thin connective tissue located under the tunica dartos

- responsible for the high degree of motility of the penile skin

42
Q

Visceral Vaginal Tunic

A
  • outermost testicular capsule layer
  • mostly connective tissue with some smooth muscle
  • more sperm
  • peritoneal layer underneath
43
Q

External Genitalia

A
  • penile muscles
  • retractor penile muscles (contracts penis inside the sheath to maintain sigmoid flexure until ready for erection)
  • sigmoid flexure (allows for erection)
    2 sections of the Shaft
    1. Corpus Cavernosum (majority of interior)
  • spongy erectile tissue
  • causes the erection
    2. Corpus Spongiosum
  • spongy erectile tissue that surrounds the penile urethra
  • both fill with blood to cause an erection
44
Q

Testicular Capsule Layers

A
  • 2 layers in the testis
  • covers the testis
    1. Visceral Vaginal Tunic
    2. Tunica Albuginea
45
Q

Interstitial Compartment

A
  • consists of all cells and materials outside of the seminiferous tubules, such as blood vessels, connective tissue, lymphatics, nerves
  • leydig cells (testosterone production)
46
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • wraps around the spermatic cord
  • a striated muscle that is continuous with the internal abdominal oblique muscle
  • primary muscle supporting the testis and the spermatic cord
  • short contractions (trying to keep the testes temperature regulated, will pull the testes inferiorly closer to the body or move them away from the body)
  • support of testes (strengthen spermatic cord and keep testes suspended)
  • cremaster muscle contracts and relaxes in a pumping action on the pampiniform plexus, thus facilitating blood flow and enhancing cooling efficiency
47
Q

Boars glans penis

A
  • consists of a corkscrew configuration to enable penetration of the interdigitating prominences of the cervix
48
Q

Counter Current Exchange System in the Scrotum

A
  • pampiniform plexus provides this function
  • heat from the warm arterial blood from the body is transferred to the cooler venous blood leaving the surface of the testes
  • intertwining veins and arteries
  • the ideal temperature for production and storing sperm is 2-3’C lower than internal body temperature
  • cools the testes to 34’C, blood from the body is 37’C
  • maintenance of a low testicular temperature is important for spermatogenesis to occur
49
Q

Pathway of sperm

A
  1. seminiferous tubules (make sperm)
  2. rete tubules(transport out of testes)
  3. mediastinum(protect rete tubules)
  4. efferent ducts (get sperm out of testes)
  5. epididymis (head, body, tail) -> androgen dependent
  6. ductus deferens (take sperm back to the body)
  7. pelvic urethra
  8. penile urethra
  9. penile miatus
50
Q

Crypt Orchid Testes

A
  • hidden testes

Animal Reproduction (13 decks)

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