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Animal Reproduction > Final (Old Material) > Flashcards

Final (Old Material) Flashcards

1
Q

There are two parts of the vagina. What are they? What anatomical aspects do they have that allow them to serve their function

A
  1. Anterior Vagina
    - has columnar epithelium to secrete mucus
  2. Posterior Vagina
    - lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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2
Q

Who is Alfred Jost and what did he contribute to society?

A
  • Dr. Alfred Jost performed a study using rabbits, he removed the uterine horn and extracted the fetus from the uterus
  • He gonadectomized the fetus before it had determined its sex and found that is defaulted to female
  • he is why we know that the female reproductive system is the default system
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3
Q

What is the tissue of origin for the vaginal tunics? Why is it named vaginal tunic? How did it end up in these locations?

A
  • the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity
  • because it is a “sheath” like material
  • As the testes descended the 2 layers of the peritoneum were pulled with it
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4
Q

Describe the feedback loops of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in the male

A
  • only the tonic center is involved so will have basal secretions of GnRH that occur continuously
    1. GnRH is produced by the hypothalamus
    2. Targets the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
    3. LH and FSH stimulate the testes
    4. Testosterone is produced
  • LH is involved in producing testosterone
  • FSH is involved in the production of spermatozoa (spermatogenesis)
    5. Testosterone is converted to estrogen
    6. Both the production of Testosterone and Estrogen will provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus to decrease production of GnRH
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5
Q

Capacitation. What is capacitation? What happens to sperm cells during capacitation? Where in the female tract does this happen? Why is it important

A
  • Capacitation refers to the changes that occur to the spermatozoa that allow them to become fertile
  • During capacitation, the plasma membrane of the sperm undergoes biochemical changes. When the sperm and seminal plasma mix, the sperm becomes coated with proteins. The coating of seminal plasma proteins is “stripped” away by the female tract environment.
  • The site of capacitation varies amongst species, but it is most likely initiated within the uterus and completed in the isthmus of the oviduct amongst all species.
  • it is important for the achievement of maximum fertility. It is the process that allows sperm to become fertile.
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6
Q

Compare and contrast small and large luteal cells

A
  • Large luteal cells are 20-70um and are formed from the granulosa cells. Whereas small luteal cells are under 20 um and are formed from the theca cells.
  • The large luteal cells have secretory granules that contain oxytoxin and the small luteal cells are irregularly shaped and contain lipid droplets.
  • Both are developed through luteolysis and are steroidogenic meaning they produce progesterone
  • differ in size and where they were derived from
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7
Q

Describe the stages of reproductive behavior in both male and the female, include examples of behavior in each stage

A
  1. Male
    - Three Stages: Pre-copulatory, Copulatory and Post-copulatory
    - In the pre-copulatory phase the male will seek for a partner by detecting the females pheromones. He will display courtship, sexual arousal, erection and penile protrusion.
    - In the copulatory phase, the male will begin mounting, intromission and ejaculation.
    - In the post-copulatory phase, the male will dismount, experience a refractory period and retain memory of reproductive behavior.
  2. Female
    - Reproductive behavior stages in the female includes attractivity, pro-receptivity, and receptivity.
    - During attractivity, the female will use postures, vocalizations, behaviors, and secrete pheromones to attract males.
    - During pro-receptivity, the female will head butt the male and mount other males, or females to stimulate copulation
    - During receptivity, the female will ensure insemination by displaying copulatory behavior, displaying lordosis, and backing up to the male for mounting.
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8
Q

The sperm cells develop in a particular direction within the seminiferous tubule. How is that described.

A
  • adluminally (towards the lumen)
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9
Q

Describe the 3 types of potency

A
  1. Totipotency
    - these cells can become anything
  2. Pluripotency
    - become almost anything, except a placenta
  3. Multipotency
    - become some things, progenitor cells
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10
Q

Define Neuropeptide

A
  • Very small molecules consisting of less than twenty amino acids
  • synthesized and released from neurons in the hypothalamus
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11
Q

There are three things that influence the onset of puberty. List them and one example of each.

A
  1. Environment
    - stress can delay estrous cycle
  2. Plane of Nutrition
    - optimal size
  3. Genetics
    - breed of an animal
    ex: large dog (8 mos) vs small dog (4 mos)
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12
Q

Define Hypothalamic Nuclei

A
  • groups, or clusters of nerve cell bodies in the hyothalamus
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13
Q

Name the two parts that make up the testicular capsule

A
  1. Visceral Vaginal Tunic

2. Tunica Albuginea

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14
Q

What parts is the broad ligament comprised of? And what does each part support?

A
  1. Mesometrium
    - supports the uterus (uterine horns and uterine body)
  2. Mesosalpinx
    - supports the oviduct
  3. Mesovarium
    - supports the ovary
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15
Q

Explain how spermatogenesis occurs over space and time.

A
  • The development of going from A1 to spermiation looks like a wave if semen is spread out.
  • The spermatogenic wave describes the process in space, while the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium refers to the process in time. The point of meiotic initiation moves along the tubule. The net result of the wave is the asynchronous release of spermatozoa, and therefore continual.
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16
Q

What is the difference between Neuroendocrine reflex and Neural reflex?

A
  1. Neuroendocrine reflex
    - it is “wireless”
    - there is no physical connection
  2. Neural Reflex
    - has a physical connection
    - is “wired”
    - has neurotransmitters in synapses (a junction btw 2 nerve cells)
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17
Q

Compare and contrast the FSH and LH secretion patterns in the male and female. Why is the male so different from the female?

A
  • The male and female both produce FSH and LH through the stimulation of GnRH production.
  • The secretion patterns are very different due to the centers they each have. The female contains a tonic and surge center, whereas the male only contains a tonic center.
  • In the female the production of FSH and LH is very dependent on the stage of the estrous cycle the female is in. During the follicular phase, FSH is secreted by the tonic center and involved in a positive feedback system to produce more GnRH in order to reach an estrogen threshold. Once the estrogen threshold is reached, the surge center is triggered and LH peaks causing ovulation. It provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus to dec prod of GnRH
  • the male secretion patterns are very different, since they only have a tonic center GnRH produces basal concentrations of FSH and LH continuously throughout the day and night. Short lived bursts of GnRH causes the discharge of LH almost immediately after. LH is secreted every 4-6 hours for 10-20 minutes and FSH is secreted for 4-6 hours for 30 minutes.
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18
Q

Pick either male or female and describe how the reproductive tract forms

A

MALE
1. Germ cells migrate to genital ridge
2. Causes proliferation of connective tissue
3. Formation of primitive sex cords
- will become seminiferous tubules(1)
4. Testis Enlarge and begin to press against the kidneys
5. The paramesonephric ducts begin to regress
6. Retain the mesonephric tubules and they become the efferent ducts(3)
7. Mediastinum(2) forms and is a connection point for the seminiferous tubules
8. Development of mesonephric duct
9. Mesonephric duct gives rise to the epididymis(4) and ductus deferens(5)
- testosterone supports these
10. Gubernaculum grows as testis get closer to the scrotum (drags testis deeper into scrotum)
11. Once testis is through the inguinal ring, the gubernaculum will shrink because the job is complete
FEMALE
1. Migration of germ cells to the genital ridge
2. proliferation of connective tissue
3. Sex cords fragment into cellular clusters, each enclosing a primitive germ cell
- clusters of germ cells penetrate less deeply into the interior of the future ovary than in the male
5. Primordial follicles are formed along outer surface of the ovary that will eventually become the cortex of the ovary
6. Regression of mesonephric ducts
7. persistence of paramesonephric ducts
8. Paramesonephric ducts form the oviduct which remains open and the anterior vagina
9. Urogenital sinus form posterior vagina and vulva

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19
Q

Describe the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis, including parts involved, hormones produced and feedback loops
- female

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes Gonadotropin(GnRH)
  2. GnRH travels to pituitary gland and triggers the release of FSH
    - the tonic center is involved for FSH
  3. FSH stimulates the ovaries and causes follicle growth
  4. Estrogen is produced in a POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
    - it will trigger more GnRH to be released and restart cycle
  5. When estrogen reaches its threshold the surge center is triggered and the NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP is triggered
  6. GnRH triggers the release of LH (luteinizing hormone)
    - the surge center is involved for LH
  7. LH stimulates the ovary which causes the follicle to rupture, ovulation occurs
  8. Progesterone is released and decreases the production of GnRH to halt the cycle
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20
Q

The generic layers of the reproductive tube and their function

A
  1. Serosa (outer)
    - layer of squamous epithelium that cover the surface of the reproductive tract
  2. Muscularis
    - transport of gametes and expulsion of fetus
  3. Submucosa
    - region that houses blood vessels, and nerves
  4. Mucosa (inner)
    - oviduct transport secretions
    - posterior vagina protection
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21
Q

Name the two parts that make up the Testicular Parenchyma

A
  1. Tubular Compartment

2. Interstitial Compartment

22
Q

What event is analogous to ovulation?

A
  • Spermiation
23
Q

What is the function of each section of the oviduct? What structure within the oviducts helps it perform this function?

A
  1. Isthmus
    - to transport sperm
  2. Ampulla
    - to transport gametes
  3. Infundibulum
    - to “capture” the newly ovulated oocyte
    - > the structure within the oviduct that helps it achieve this function is the fimbrae
24
Q

Describe what Rathke’s Pouch is and its importance in reproduction

A
  • derived from tissue in the roof of the mouth
  • epithelial tissue began pinching off and eventually was alone (Rathke’s Pouch)
  • it migrated to the brain and attached to form the anterior P.G
  • Important because through the portal system the hypothalamus can produce less Releasing Hormones with greater affect
25
Q

Name the specialized cell type that is involved in each of the parts of the parenchyma listed in part b above.

A
  1. Sertoli cells

2. Leydig cells

26
Q

We talked about three structures that assist the testes in cooling. Name and describe those structures here.

A
  1. Tunica Dartos in the Scrotum
    - allows for long contractions of the smooth muscleto regulate scrotal skin temperature
    - will either pull scrotum closer to the body for warmth, or will relax contractions to cool the scrotum
  2. Pampiniform Plexus
    - intertwined network of arteries and veins going to and from the testes
    - uses a countercurrent exchange system that will pre-cool the arterial blood before it reaches the testes
  3. Cremaster Muscle
    - aids in interior testis movement by creating short contractions to try to keep the testes temperature regulated
    - cremaster muscle contracts and relaxes in a pumping action on the pampiniform plexus, thus stimulating the counter current exchange system
27
Q

Describe in detail the estrous cycle. Include the hormones, phases and stages of the cycles, what is happening in terms of the feedback loops and on the ovary, describe ovulation and luteinization.
- Essay question

A
  • There are two major phases of the estrous cycle and they include the follicular and luteal phases.
  • The Follicular phase is the period from the regression of the CL to ovulation. It makes up 20% of the estrous cycle. The primary structure on the ovary is the follicle and the primary hormone is Estrogen.
  • The Luteal phase is the period from ovulation to the regression of the corpus luteum. It makes up 80% of the estrous cycle. The primary structure on the ovary is the CL and the primary hormone is progesterone.
  • There are 4 stages of the estrous cycle they include proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus. The follicular phase includes proestrus and estrus. The luteal phase includes metestrus and estrus.
  • Proestrus is a transitory period from the regression of the CL to the beginning of estrus. Progesterone declines as a result of luteolysis (destruction of the CL) and estrogen concentration increases.
  • Estrus is the period from estrus to ovulation. The high estrogen levels (at their peak) cause animals to display behavioral changes, such as sexual receptivity.
  • Ovulation occurs following estrus. When Estrogen reaches its threshold, the negative feedback system will be triggered. LH levels will peak due to the tonic center and will stimulate the ovary causing it to rupture (ovulation). Progesterone production will increase and there will be dec GnRH production.
  • Metestrus is a transitory period between ovulation and the formation of a functional corpus luteum (luteinization). When the newly ovulated follicle becomes a functional corpus luteum this is called luteinization. This transformation is governed by LH. In this phase it begins to go from high levels of estrogen to high levels of progesterone.
  • Diestrus is the longest stage lasting 10-14 days. It is the period of time from when the corpus luteum is fully functional to the regression of the corpus luteum (luteolysis). The progesterone levels are very high.
28
Q

During puberty, there is one main requirement for puberty, however there is a secondary event that needs to happen to allow for a fully functioning hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis. What is that secondary event?

A
  • the presynaptic neurons need to become functional so they can transmit information to the GnRH neurons so that GnRH secretion will increase
29
Q

The vaginal cavity separates the parietal vaginal tunic, located in the ________, and the visceral vaginal tunic, which is part of the ________.

A
  • scrotum

- testicular capsule

30
Q

Describe the neuroendocrine responses experienced by the male during sexual preparedness, erection and ejaculation. Include stimulatory signals and reflex pathways.

A
  • in males, reproductive behavior can only occur if the neurons in the hypothalamus have been sensitized to respond to sensory signals.
    1. During sexual preparedness, under the influence of estrogen, sensory stimulation such as optic, olfactory, tactile and auditory send neural messages to the hypothalamus.
  • stimulation of nerves in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
  • release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
  • contractions of smooth muscle in distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens
  • transport of spermatozoa into an ejaculatory position
    2. During erection, estrogenic stimuli cause sensory nerves to fire
  • sensory nerves activate the Reproductive Behavior Center in the hypothalamus
  • Stimulates the parasympathetic nerves that innervate penile arterioles
  • parasympathetic nerve terminals release nitric oxide
  • nitric oxide initiates a biochemical cascade that causes erection
    3. During Ejaculation, once intromission is achieved, reflex impulses are initiated
  • sensory stimulation of the glans penis by temperature and pressure is applied
  • sudden and powerful contractions of the urethralis, bulbospongiosis, and ischiocavernosus muscles occur
  • expulsion of semen occurs
31
Q

Testes can be located in one of three positions depending on species. What are the possible scrotal positions? Give one example of a species that demonstrates each position.

A
  1. Scrotal Position
    - testes are located outside of the body
    - humans
  2. Retroperitoneal Position
    - testes never descend, located inside of the body
    - elephants
  3. Testes can move in and out of the body
    - rabbits
32
Q

What structure allows for movement of the sperm tail in all directions?

A
  • Axonemes
33
Q

What is the function of the vulva?

A
  • closure that reduces the amount of foreign material entering the vagina
34
Q

Spermatogenesis is an extensive process. What are the three phases of spermatogenesis? What stages of sperm development are involved in each phase of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Proliferation
    - consists of all mitotic divisions
  2. Meiotic Divisions
    - meiosis
  3. Differentiation
    - morphological changes
35
Q

Explain what happens in each Phase of Differentiation

a. Golgi Phase
b. Cap Phase
c. Acrosomal Phase
d. Elongation Phase

A

a. Golgi Phase
- creation of acrosomic vesicles
- as it accumulates the small vesicles converge into one large vesicle
b. Cap Phase
- acrosomic vesicle spreads over the nucleus
- acrosome forms a cap
- golgi is converted to the acrosome
c. Acrosomal Phase
- acrosome forms a double membrane as it grows
- mitochondria wraps around the distal centriole in spiral fashion
d. Elongation Phase
- distal centriole grows down and pushes the bottom down
- mitochondria give energy for tail movement

36
Q

There are several areas in the female tract which can be problematic for sperm traveling from the site of semen deposition to the site of fertilization. Where is semen deposited in the reproductive tract? Name the areas of the female tract which are treacherous for sperm cells and explain why they are detrimental to sperm.

A
  • Deposition of sperm in the reproductive tract can occur in the intravaginal, intracervical or intrauterine areas.
  • The areas that are treacherous for sperm cells include:
    1. The Fornix Vagina
    2. Cervical folds and mucus
    3. Ciliated epithelium of oviduct
  • These areas can be detrimental to sperm cells because sperm can get “stuck” in the cervical folds and uterotubal junction. There is also two types of mucus that is produced by the cervix and one is extremely viscous. Spermatozoa that encounter the viscous mucus will be washed out of the tract.
37
Q

The ________ is essentially the hilus of the testis and includes the following structures: a-e

A
  • spermatic cord
    a. Ductus Deferens
    b. Pampiniform Plexus
    c. Lymphatics
    d. Visceral and Parietal Vaginal Tunics
    e. Cremaster Muscle
    f. Nerves
38
Q

In the time it takes to go from an A1 spermatogonia to a spermatozoa released into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule.

a. How many generations can form?
b. How long does that take in the bull?
c. Which means how much time is spent in each generation in the bull?

A

a. 4.5 generations
b. 61 days
c. 13.5 days/cycle

39
Q

What order would you encounter the following structures leaving the testis in the male reproductive tract?

A
  1. sertoli cells
  2. seminal vesicles
  3. rete testis
  4. Caput (head) epididymis
  5. Cauda (tail) epididymis
  6. Ductus Deferens
  7. Ampulla
  8. Prostate
  9. Urethra (pelvic)
  10. urethra (penile)
40
Q

What is the requirement for puberty?

A
  • to have fully functioning GnRH neurons to produce a sufficient quantity of GnRH
41
Q

How is the broad ligament formed?

A
  • a portion of the peritoneum fuses to form a double layered connective tissue sheet that is called the broad ligament
42
Q

How are the generic layers named in the uterus?

A
  1. Perimetrium = Serosa (around uterus)
  2. Myometrium = Muscularis
  3. Endometrium = Submucosa and Mucosa
43
Q

List two things we observe for signs of puberty in the male and the female.

A
  1. Male
    - first sperm seen in ejaculate
    - sufficient number of sperm are in ejaculate
  2. Female
    - first estrus (heat)
    - first ovulation
44
Q

Define Differentiation

A
  • when a group of nonspecialized cells develop into a recognizable group of cells that have a common function
45
Q

Define Endocrinology

A
  • the study of hormones and how they communicate through the body
46
Q

Draw the estrous cycle including progesterone, estrogen, FSH and LH concentrations. Please include labels on the Y axis indicating timing of the hormonal patterns

A
  • on paper
47
Q

Discuss Mammalian sexual differentiation and the series of events that result from having XX or XY chromosomal makeup

A
  • XX (female)
  • female reproductive tract is the default system
  • without the presence of AMH, the mullerian ducts will persist and the female reproductive tract will form
  • without the presence of testosterone the Wolffian ducts are not supported and will regress
  1. NO Y chromosome
  2. NO Sex Determining Region of Y chromosome (SRY)
  3. NO Testis Determining Factor (TDF)
  4. Ovarian Development
  5. NO anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) present
    - – Path 1
  6. NO testosterone
  7. Wolffian Ducts Regress
    - – Path 2
  8. Mullerian Ducts Persist
  9. Vulva, oviduct, posterior vagina and everything else form
48
Q

Steps of follicular development and are indicate their gonadotropin dependence (FSH or LH)

A
  1. Recruitment
    - FSH
  2. Selection
    - FSH
  3. Dominance
    - LH
  4. Atresia
    - LH
49
Q

What are uterine glands? Where are they when estrogen is high? Where are they when Progesterone is high?

A
  • secrete uterine milk when fully functional
  • when estrogen is high coiled into the submucosa
  • when progesterone is high are in the mucosa
50
Q

What are the two parts of the ovary? And what is their function?

A
  1. Medulla
    - supplies vasculature, nerves and lymphatics to the ovary
  2. Cortex
    - houses the female gametes (ova) within follicles
51
Q

The anterior vagina and cervix work together to perform similar functions. What are they?

A
  • secrete mucus

- flush foreign material out of tract following copulation

52
Q

Define Puberty

A
  • sexual maturation (the ability to successfully reproduce)

Animal Reproduction (13 decks)

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