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Animal Reproduction > Final (New Material) > Flashcards

Final (New Material) Flashcards

1
Q

Early Embryonic Development Stages

A
  1. Hyperactive Motility
  2. Binding to Zona Pellucida
  3. Acrosomal Reaction
  4. Penetration of Zona Pellucida
  5. Sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
  6. Sperm engulfed
  7. Decondensation of sperm nucleus
  8. Formation of male pronucleus
  9. Dance of Syngamy
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2
Q

Fertile life of sperm

- bitch, camelids, cow, mare, woman

A
  1. Bitch
    - 9 to 11 days
  2. Woman
    - 5 to 6 days
  3. Camelids
    - 4 to 5 days
  4. Mare
    - 4 to 5 days
  5. Cow
    - 1.5 to 2 days
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3
Q

Insemination Techniques

A
  1. Transcervical Insemination
  2. Intracervical Insemination
  3. Intravaginal insemination
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4
Q

Ootid

A
  • when a male and female pronuclei separate
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5
Q

Zygote

A
  • fused female and male pronuclei
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6
Q

Embryo

A
  • organism in early stages of development
  • unrecognizable as a member of species
  • zygote becomes this following sygamy (fusion of male and female pronuclei)
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7
Q

Fetus

A
  • recognizable as a member of species

- potential offspring that is still within the uterus

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8
Q

Conceptus

A
  • product of conception
    1. Embryo in early stages of development
    2. embryo and extra-embryonic membranes during the pre-implantation and attachment stage
    3. Fetus and placenta during the post-implantation and attachment phase
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9
Q

Stages of Development Post-fertilization

A
  1. Development of embryo within the zona pellucida
  2. Hatching from the zona pellucida
  3. Formation of extra-embryonic membranes
  4. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
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10
Q

Development of the embryo within the Zona Pellucida - blastomere

A
  • occurs in the oviduct (2 cell->4 cell-> 8 cell->16 cell)
  • the blastomere undergoes mitotic divisions called cleavage divisions from a 2-cell to a 16-cell
  • each cell is a blastomere, totipotent(the ability of a single cell, the blastomere, to give rise to a complete, fully formed individual) and can become an individual offspring
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11
Q

Development of the embryo within the Zona Pellucida - Morula Stage

A
  • occurs in the uterus
  • morula has 16 cells becomes a blastocyst which has 70-100 cells
  • from the morula, the early embryo, formation on
  • when a solid ball of cells is formed and individual blastomeres can no longer accurately be counted
  • outer cells become compacted
  • two distinct cell populations form
  • inner cells develop gap junctions for intercellular communication
  • outer cells (Trophoblasts) develop tight junctions for cell-to-cell adhesions
  • there is fluid accumulation and cavity development (blastocoele)
  • when a distinct cavity is recognizable, the embryo is called a blastocyst
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12
Q

Hatching of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida

A
  1. growth and fluid accumulation increases the pressure within zona pellucida
  2. Trophoblast produces proteolytic enzymes to digest zona pellucida
  3. Blastocyst begins to contract and relax
    - causes intermittent pressure pulses
  4. Zona pellucida ruptures
  5. Blastocyst squeezes out
  6. Blastocyst is free floating in the uterus
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13
Q

Embryo is dependent on

A
  1. Uterine Environment
  2. Adequate luteal functions
  3. Adequate progesterone synthesis
  4. Responsiveness of uterus to progesterone
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14
Q

Dichotomy in embryonic development is based on the species

A
  1. Attachment
    - horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats
    - day 14 to 16 (pigs, cattle, sheep, horses)
    - longer period for development of extra-embryonic membranes
  2. Implantation
    - primates and rodents
    - day 7 to 9 (humans)
    - burrows directly into the endometrium
    - then the placenta forms
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15
Q

Pig, sheep and cow pre-attachment embryo (blastocyst)

A
  • filamentous blastocysts prior to attachment
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16
Q

Mare pre-attachment embryo (blastocyst)

A
  • blastocyst remains sphere shaped prior to attachment
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17
Q

Goal of the pre-attachment embryo

A
  • allantochorion to form

- it is the fetal contribution of the placenta

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18
Q

Extra-embryonic Membranes in the placenta

A
  1. Chorion
  2. Allantois
  3. Amnion
  4. Yolk Sac
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19
Q

Formation of embryonic membranes

A
  1. The hatched blastocyst consists of the inner cell mass, the trophoblast and the blastocoele
  2. The primitive endoderm begins to form beneath the inner cell mass and grows downward forming a lining on the inner surface of the trophoblast
  3. At the same time, the mesoderm begins to develop between the primitive endoderm and the embryo
  4. When the primitive endoderm completes it growth it forms a cavity called a yolk sac
  5. The mesoderm continues to grow, forming a sac that surrounds the yolk sac and pushes against the trophectoderm
  6. The newly formed mesodermal sac pushes against the trophectoderm and begins to fold upward forming “wing-like” structures called amniotic folds
  7. The mesoderm now completely surrounds the yolk sac and the developing allantois
  8. The allantois is derived from the primitive gut and collects waste
  9. The mesoderm continues to fuse with the cells of the trophectoderm to form the chorion
  10. Amniotic folds continue to grow upward around the embryo
  11. The yolk sac begins to regress, but the allantois continues to grow
  12. The amniotic folds completely fuse resulting in the formation of a double sac around the embryo
  13. The inner sac consists of the trophectoderm and mesoderm and is called the amnion. It creates the amniotic cavity.
  14. The chorion completely surrounds the entire conceptus
  15. The allantois continues to expand and begins filling in the spaces of the cavity
  16. The allantois and chorion will fuse to form the allantochorion and the yolk sac continues to regress
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20
Q

Chorion

A
  • primitive endoderm and mesoderm precursor tissue
  • composed of trophectoderm and mesoderm
  • the outermost membrane of the embryo, fetal contribution
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21
Q

Amnion

A
  • primitive endoderm and mesoderm precursor tissue
  • composed of trophectoderm and mesoderm
  • fluid filled, prevents adhesions and provides shock absorption
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22
Q

Allantois

A
  • The primitive gut is the precursor tissue
  • composed of the primitive gut
  • collects fluid waste, increases in size
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23
Q

Yolk Sac

A
  • The primitive endoderm is the precursor tissue
  • composed of the endoderm
  • contributes primitive germ cells, decreases in size
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24
Q

Allantochorion

A
  • goal of the preattachment embryo
  • composed of the allantois and chorion extra-embryonic membranes
  • it is the fetal contribution of the placenta
25
Q

Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy

A
  • The critical series of events by which the conceptus signals its presence and enables pregnancy to continue
  • during time of attachment
  • corpus luteum is maintained and luteolysis is prevented (Interferon-τ, IFN-τ, has anti-luteolytic effect)
  • occurs in the uterus

REQUIREMENTS OF PREGNANCY

  • high progesterone
  • placental attachment
26
Q

Cow Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, time after ovulation and time of attachment

A
  1. Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
    - Interferon – τ (IFN-τ
  2. Time after ovulation
    - 15 to 16 days
  3. Time of attachment
    - 18 to 22 days
27
Q

Ewe Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, time after ovulation and time of attachment

A
  1. Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
    - Interferon – τ (IFN-τ
  2. Time after ovulation
    - 13 to 14 days
  3. Time of attachment
    - 15 to 18 days
28
Q

Sow Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, time after ovulation and time of attachment

A
  1. Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
    - Estradiol 17-B
  2. Time after ovulation
    - 11 to 12 days
  3. Time of attachment
    - 14 to 18 days
29
Q

Mare Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, time after ovulation and time of attachment

A
  1. Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
    - Conceptus Presence
  2. Time after ovulation
    - 12 to 14 days
  3. Time of attachment
    - 36 to 38 days
30
Q

Woman Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy, time after ovulation and time of attachment

A
  1. Hormone of Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy
    - Human Chorionic Gonadropin (hCG)
  2. Time after ovulation
    - 7 to 9 days
  3. Time of attachment
    - 9 to 12 days
31
Q

Hormonal Changes during estrous cycle and pregnancy

A
  1. Estradiol peaks when in heat
  2. LH peaks at copulation (intercourse)
  3. progesterone is high throughout pregnancy and decreases at parturition (birth)
32
Q

Placenta

A
  • implantation(horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, cats, dogs) vs attachment (primates and rodents)
  • maternal (endometrial) portion
  • fetal (allantochorion portion)
  • endocrine functions: maintenance of pregnancy and induction of parturition
  • functional unit is the chorionic villi
33
Q

Placental Types

A
  • classified by anatomical appearance
    1. Diffuse
  • horses and pigs
    2. Zonary
  • cats, dogs, bears, elephants
    3. Discoid
  • primates and rodents
    4. Cotyledonary
  • ruminants
34
Q

Number of layers separating fetal and maternal blood

A
  1. Epitheliochorial
  2. Syndesmochorial
  3. Endotheliochorial
  4. Hemochorial
35
Q

Sow Placenta

A
  • Diffuse Epitheliochorial Placenta
  • diffuse has uniform distribution of chorionic villi that cover the surface of the chorion
  • epitheliochorial has 6 layers separating fetal and maternal blood flow
36
Q

Mare Placenta

A
  • diffuse epitheliochorial Placenta
  • characterized by having many microcotyledons, or specialized microzones of chorionic villi
  • has transitory structures known as endometrial cups that produce eCG
37
Q

Ruminant Placenta

A
  • Cotyledonary Syndesmochorial Placenta
  • placentomes form a convex structure (cow and giraffe)
  • placentomes form a concave structure (ewe and goat)
  • Cotyledonary has placentomes
  • Syndesmochorial has transitions between epitheliochorial and endotheliochorial
38
Q

Placentome

A
  • in Cotyledonary Syndesmochorial Placentas (ruminants) consists of caruncle and cotyledon
  • caruncle is the maternal side of placenta
  • cotyledon is the fetal side of the placenta
39
Q

Binuclear Giant Cells

A
  • unique cell type in the ruminant placenta
  • really big, 2 nuclei
  • appear day 14 in sheep
  • appear day 18-20 in cows
  • comprise 20% of chorion
  • sire of seroidogenesis, secretes progesterone and estradiol
  • secrete placental lactogen and pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB)
  • transfer complex molecules from fetal to maternal placenta
  • migrate from chorion (fetal side of placenta) to endometrial epithelium (maternal side of placenta)
40
Q

Epitheliochorial placenta

A
  • 6 layers separating fetal and maternal blood flow
  • endometrial epithelium is the maternal side
  • chorion is the fetal side
  • fetal side is preserved
41
Q

Bitch Placenta

A
  • Zonary Endotheliochorial
  • Zonary has a band-like zone of chorionic villi
  • Endotheliochorial has 5 layers separating fetal and maternal blood flow
42
Q

Human Placenta

A
  • Discoid Hemochorial
  • Discoid has a regionalized disc
  • Hemochorial has 3 layers separating fetal and maternal blood flow
43
Q

Nine-Banded Armadillo

A
  • identical quadruplets
  • hemochorial
  • zonary/discoid
  • one chorion
  • four amniotic sacs
  • delayed implantation
44
Q

Delayed implantation

A
  • embryonic diapause
  • embryo is dormant and remains unattached to the uterus as an early blastocyst
  • > little or no development occurs
  • purpose it to prevent gestation and birth from occurring during an unfavorable time, climate, etc
  • two types: obligate or facultative
45
Q

Delayed Implantation Types

A
  1. Obligate
    - bears, armadillos, badger
    - season delays implantation
  2. Facultative
    - rodents, marsupials and kangaroos
    - lactation delays implantation
46
Q

Placental Transfer of nutrients

A
  1. Simple diffusion
    - follows concentration gradient from high to low
    - water and gases
  2. Facilitated Diffusion
    - carrier proteins
    - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids
  3. Active Transport
    - active transport pumps
    - sodium, potassium, calcium
  4. Pinocytosis
    - areola of chorion cover uterine glands and absorb secretions
  5. Phagocytosis
47
Q

Placental Nutrients that are transferred

A
  1. Glucose
    - main energy source for fetus
  2. Some immunoglobins
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Steroids, thyroid hormone, catecholamines
  5. Water soluble vitamins
  6. Minerals
  7. Ethyl alcohol, lead, phosphorous, mercury, opiates, barbituates, antibiotics
  8. Teratogens, abnormal development (LSD, amphetamines)
  9. Viruses
    - Herpes, HIV
  10. Bacteria
    - syphilis
48
Q

Placental Nutrients that are NOT transferred

A
  1. Maternal proteins
    - Fetus makes its own proteins from transferred amino acids
  2. Maternal lipids
    - Placental hydrolysis and synthesis
  3. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  4. Adrenal corticotropic hormone
  5. Insulin, glucagon
  6. Fat soluble vitamins
49
Q

eCG (equine chorionic gonadotropin)

A
  • produced by the from endometrial cups of the placenta
  • day 40 to 70 of gestation
  • luteotropin, maintenance of the corpus luteum
  • in equine
50
Q

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

A
  • produced by the trophoblastic cells of the chorion
  • day 8 of gestation
  • luteotropin, maintenance of the corpus luteum
  • in humans
51
Q

Progesterone

A
  • day 50-240 in gestation
  • Secretory and blocks cyclicity
  • maintains pregnancy
  • in Ovine, Equine, Human
52
Q

Estradiol

A
  • during late gestation
  • Signals early periparturient period
  • increases mucus production
  • lubricates and reduces friction to enable the fetus to exit the reproductive tract with ease
53
Q

Placental Lactogen (somatomammotropin)

A
  • during late gestation
  • Promotes fetal growth and stimulates mammary gland
  • in Rodents, Ovine, Bovine, Humans
54
Q

Placental Relaxin

A
  • during late gestation
  • Softening and relaxing of cervix and pelvic ligaments
  • stimulated by high PGF2α
  • in Humans, Equine, Canine, Feline, Swine, Rabbits, Monkeys
55
Q

PGF2α

A
  • during Parturition
  • stimulated by fetal cortisol
  • luteolysis
56
Q

Parturition Stage 1

A
  • removal of the progesterone block and initiation of myometrial contractions
  • fetal cortisol production triggers this
  • > conversion of progesterone to estradiol
  • > placental production and secretion of PGF2α
  • > increase in contractions
  • Estradiol and PGF2α ↑, Progesterone ↓, contractions ↑, pressure ↑
  • Fetus rotates into proper position
57
Q

Parturition Stage 2

A
  • Expulsion of the fetus
  • 2 Positive Feedback loops
    1. Pressure on cervix → spinal cord → hypothalamus → posterior pituitary → oxytocin → ↑ myometrial contractions → ↑ pressure on cervix
    2. Contractions ↑ → Pressure ↑ → fetal membranes rupture → fetus becomes hypoxic → fetal movement ↑ → contractions ↑
  • Myometrial and abdominal contractions
58
Q

Parturition Stage 3

A
  • expulsion of the fetal membranes
  • chorionic villi must detach
  • > vasoconstriction of villi and endometrial arteries (hemochorial)
  • > contractions

Animal Reproduction (13 decks)

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