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Animal Reproduction > Lab Final > Flashcards

Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

Breeding soundness exam purpose

A
  • is to breed genetically superior, healthy males

- after BSE is complete the male is classified as satisfactory, questionable or unsatisfactory

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2
Q

Primary Follicles

A
  • an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells
  • will either move forward with folliculogenesis or degenerate
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3
Q

Cattle estrous cycle length

A
  • estrous cycle of a cow or heifer is about 21 days

- the estrus cycle lasts between 6-24 hours

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4
Q

Pars intermedia

A
  • the dividing line between the two tissue types of the posterior and anterior pituitary glands
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5
Q

Vulva

A
  • external portion of the female reproductive tract
  • labia major and labia minor (meet to form two commissures, site of union)
  • Perineum is located around the external genitalia
  • clitoris
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6
Q

Alveoli

A
  • are sack-like structures where milk is synthesized and secreted
  • cluster of alveolus
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7
Q

Specificity

A
  • does the assay detect one substance or cross-react and potentially detect others
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8
Q

2 Tissue Layers of the Ovary

A
  1. Germinal epithelium
    - outer layer of the ovary
  2. Tunica Albuginea
    - underneath the germinal epithelium
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9
Q

Mare Estrus behaviors

A
  • urination stance
  • urination in the presence of a stallion
  • clitoral wink
  • immobile stance
  • > teaser stallion to elicit response in mare
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10
Q

Ewe estrus behaviors

A
  • nervous/excited behavior
  • interest in the ram
  • tail wagging
  • > presence of a male is necessary to elicit behavior
  • > presence of a ram can stimulate non-cycling ewes to ovulate 3-4 days after contact with the ram (RAM EFFECT)
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11
Q

Estrous

A
  • adj. cycle beginning at estrus and ending at estrus
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12
Q

Intralobular Ducts

A
  • drain multiple lobules within a single lobe
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13
Q

Germinal Disc

A
  • the fertilized ova and will develop into the chick

- white spot on the yolk

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14
Q

Disadvantages of Ultrasound

A
  • highly dependent on the skill of the technician to interpret what is being seen
  • can lead to negative/false positives
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15
Q

Diffuse Placenta

A
  • horses and pigs
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16
Q

Primordial Follicle in the ovary

A
  • an oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous epithelium
  • after puberty, the primordial follicles will develop into primary follicles
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17
Q

What is indicative of fertilization occurring

A
  • white membrane forms around the oocyte (fertilization envelope)
  • spinning oocyte
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18
Q

Why do we use ultrasound in animal agriculture today?

A
  • to determine if an animal is pregnant
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19
Q

Oviduct/Fallopian Tube

A
  • tubular structure made of 3 sections
    1. Infundibulum
    2. Ampulla
    3. Isthmus
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20
Q

Neurohypophysis

A
  • pars nervosa

- posterior pituitary

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21
Q

B-mode or real time ultrasound

A
  • uses 2D real time imaging

- scanning tissue cross sections at different angles and reconstructing the data into a 3D image

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22
Q

Indirect ELISA

A
  1. wells are coated with antigens, a specific type of antibody
  2. Add the sample and allow antibodies to attach to antigen
  3. Add a secondary antibody that is tagged with an enzyme is added
  4. Add substrate to produce the color change
  5. Color change indicates presence of hormone
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23
Q

Cotyledon

A
  • the fetal side of the placenta
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24
Q

What happens when a cow is milked?

A
  • the sphincter muscles relax allowing the orifice to open
  • since the streak canal remains open for an hour or more after milking there is ready access of bacteria to the inside of the gland
  • during the dry period the epidermal tissue lining the streak canal forms a keratin plug that effectively seals off the canal
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25
Q

Estrus Behaviors of female

A
  • increased physical activity, such as locomotion, ear flapping and tail wagging
  • increased vocalization
  • agonist behavior and homosexual behavior towards other females
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26
Q

Ultrasound

A
  • refers to sound waves with a frequency too high for humans to hear
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27
Q

Scrotum

A
  • supports the testes

- responsible for protection and thermoregulation

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28
Q

Estrus in elephants

A
  • detected using a blood draw to track hormones
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29
Q

Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)

A
  • the tube like structure within the spermatic cord
  • begins at the tail epididymis
  • the epididymis is coiled inside to spermatic cord (convoluted)
  • composed of longitudinal and smooth muscle
  • has bumps
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30
Q

Three most commonly used methods of semen collection in animal agriculture

A
  1. Artificial Vagina (neuroendocrine response)
  2. Digit Manipulation (neuroendocrine response)
  3. Electrojaculation (neural response)
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31
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • white-ish colored connective tissue located at the core of the testis that houses/protects the Rete tubules
  • white small section in the middle of parenchyma when cut open
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32
Q

Three possible anatomies of the uterine horns

A
  1. Duplex
    - two cervices
    - marsupials and rabbit
  2. Simplex
    - no uterine horns
    - primate
  3. Bicornuate
    - poorly to moderately developed uterine horns
    - mare, cow, bitch, queen, sow
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33
Q

Cow or Heifer Estrus behaviors

A
  • nervousness
  • mounting other females
  • standing to be mounted
  • immobile stance
  • swollen and red vulva
  • chin resting to determine if she will stand to be mounted
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34
Q

Chalaza

A
  • twisted chord that keeps yolk in place

- can also rotate the yolk

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35
Q

Doppler

A
  • used to detect blood flow of arteries and veins in abdomen
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36
Q

Albumen

A
  • serves as protection of the embryo as well as a source of nutrients
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37
Q

4 layers of the Scrotum

A
  1. Skin
    - outermost layer
  2. Tunica Dartos
    - mesh-like smooth muscle located underneath the skin
  3. Scrotal Fascia
    - thin tissue located under tunica dartos
    - allows testes to move within the skin
  4. Parietal Vaginal Tunic
    - the innermost layer of the scrotum
    - comes from the peritoneum
    - contains blood vessels and veins
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38
Q

Steps from fertilization to embryo development

A
  1. Embryology
    - the study of the formation and development of the embryo to a fetus
  2. Cleavage Divisions
    - blastomeres, morula, blastocyst, trophoblast
  3. Gastrulation
    - germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)
    - somitogenesis
  4. Neurulation
  5. Orangogenesis
    - organs produced from diff germ layers
  6. Physical features develop
    - can tell what species
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39
Q

Alveolus

A
  • the discrete milk producing unit

- estimated to hold about 1/5 of a drop of milk

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40
Q

Gross Appearance

A
  • color and opaqueness
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41
Q

Air Cell/Sac

A
  • provides the chick with oxygen during later development
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42
Q

Methods of detecting estrus in ewes

A
  1. Visually
    - females will not mount each other, but you can look for nervous behaviors and tail wagging
  2. Marking Harness
    - a harness with a chalk attachment is placed on a ram, when the male mounts the female he will leave chalk to mark her
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43
Q

Sow or Gilt estrus behaviors

A
  • red or swollen vulva
  • increased physical activity
  • increased vocalization
  • mucous discharge from the vulva
  • mounting or riding of pen mates
  • erect ears
  • immobile stance
  • > presence of boar is necessary, the more the boar salivates the better
  • > use BACK PRESSURE TEST to check for standing reflex
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44
Q

Muscles of the Penis

A
  1. Retractor Penis Muscle
    - contracts the penis inside the sheath to maintain the sigmoid flexure (normally in S shape)
  2. Corpus Cavernosum
    - spongy erectile tissue
    - fills with blood to erect the penis
  3. Corpus Spongiosum
    - spongy erectile tissue that surrounds the penile urethra
    - also fills with blood
    - prevent urethra from closing
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45
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A
  • THEY ARE NOT INNERVATED and contract in response to the hormone OXYTOCIN
  • results in milk being squeezed out of the alveolar lumen and into the small ducts
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46
Q

Parenchyma

A
  • tan/orange-ish color
  • contains seminiferous tubules (site of spermatogenesis), vasculature, lymphatic, nerves, and leydig cells (testosterone)
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47
Q

Sensory nerves are found in the

A
  • teats and skin

- these are critical for initiating the neural pathway of the milk ejection reflex

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48
Q

Preventing polyspermy

A
  1. Zona Block
    - the zona pellucida hardens
    - sperm receptors in the zona pellucida are destroyed
  2. Vitelline Block
    - granules reduce the ability of the oocyte plasma membrane to fuse with additional spermatozoa
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49
Q

Three parts of the broad ligament in the female repro tract

A
  1. Mesovarium
    - supports the ovary
  2. Mesosalpinx
    - supports the oviduct
  3. Mesometrium
    - supports the uterus and uterine horns
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50
Q

Posterior Vagina

A
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
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51
Q

Three parts of a Breeding Soundness Exam

A
  1. Physical Exam
  2. Visual Exam
  3. Semen Evaluation
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52
Q

Discoid Placenta

A
  • primates and rodents
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53
Q

Concentration

A
  • how many sperm are present per mL of ejaculate
  • most common means of determining sperm concentration is to count the sperm under a microscope with a hemocytometer
  • hemocytometer is a glass slide onto which a precision grid has been etched
  • can also count sperm using a spectrophotometer if a standard curve has previously been determined for similar samples
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54
Q

Vagina

A
  • serves as a copulatory organ, site of urine during micturition and a passive birth canal
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55
Q

Spectral Doppler

A
  • displays blood flow graphically in terms of distance traveled
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56
Q

How to picture a group of alveoli

A
  • as a clump of grapes with the stems acting as the small ducts leading from the alveoli
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57
Q

Ovine Estrous Cycle length

A
  • estrous cycle of the ewe is 17 days

- the estrus cycle is about 24-48 hours

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58
Q

Structures on the ovary following ovulation

A
  1. Corpus Hemorrhagicum
    - red pimple like structure on the surface of the ovary
  2. Corpus Luteum
    - luteal cells that produce progesterone to establish and maintain pregnancy in females
    - yellow, large bump
  3. Corpus Albicans
    - white scar-like structure, small
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59
Q

Placentome

A
  • refers to both the cotyledon and caruncles
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60
Q

Three ways hormones are detected

A
  1. Bioassay
  2. Radioimmunology Assay (RIA)
  3. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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61
Q

Sigmoid Flexure

A
  • The s-shaped configuration of the shaft
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62
Q

Cervix

A
  • made up of cartilaginous rings that surround the lumen
  • the lumen is lined with columnar epithelium which is responsible for mucus secretion
  • chicken neck texture
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63
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A
  • develops from neural tissue, so hormones that are made in the hypothalamus can travel to the posterior pituitary neural connections to be released
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64
Q

How to prevent bacterial infection post milking?

A
  1. Post-milking germicidal teat drips minimize the chance of bacteria gaining access to the gland after milking
  2. Keeping cows standing for a time after milking, such as providing them with access to fresh feed, will also help minimize teat end contamination
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65
Q

The placenta

A
  • provides nutrient and oxygen to the growing fetus
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66
Q

Morphology

A
  • the percentage of sperm with normal shape and size
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67
Q

2 parts of the Ovary

A
  1. Medulla
    - in the center of the ovary
    - supplies vasculature, nerves and lymphatics to the ovary
  2. Cortex
    - outside of the medulla
    - houses the female gametes (ova) within follicles
68
Q

Zonary Placenta

A
  • cats, dogs, bears and elephants
69
Q

Caruncles

A
  • maternal side of the placenta
70
Q

Hypothalamus functions

A

1) regulating body temperatures
2) Maintaining Daily Physiological Cycles
3) Controlling Appetite
4) Managing of sexual behavior/reproductive cycling
5) regulating emotional responses

71
Q

Digital Manipulation

A
  • some species are stimulated to ejaculate by applying pressure and massaging the penis
  • a large cup or director cone attached to a collection tube can be slipped over the penis to facilitate harvesting the semen
  • commonly used for pigs, dogs and poultry
  • additional type of digital manipulation in bulls involves stroking the ampullae and prostate gland through the wall of the rectum once the bull is restrained and slightly sedated
  • presence of a female in estrus to arouse the male and a phantom to mount are both helpful
72
Q

Tertiary or Graffian Follicles

A
  • secondary follicles develop into these
  • develops a fluid filled cavity called an Antrum
  • many granulosa cells and s zona pellucida surround it
  • granulosa cells closest to the zona pellucida are called Corona Radiata
  • has theca cells outside of the granulosa cells
  • theca externa and theca interna (close to granulosa cells)
  • large bruised looking spots on ovary
73
Q

Teats

A
  • the only exit for the secretion from the gland and the only means for the calf to receive milk
  • only one teat drains one gland
74
Q

Volume

A
  • the amount of ejaculation present
75
Q

Ampulla

A
  • distinguished by a wide diameter and thick mucosal folds with ciliated epithelium
  • larger diameter
76
Q

Ovary

A
  • a dense structure within the mesovarium

- the production of gametes (ova) and hormones

77
Q

How to determine the length of Gestation/the age of the fetus

A
  • measuring the crown-rump length of fetus
78
Q

Cotyledonary Placenta

A
  • ruminants
79
Q

Quantitative vs Qualitative

A
  • quantitative can be measured with a number

- qualitative is a visible change that can not be measured

80
Q

Physical Exam

A
  1. Palpate the testes
    - firmness, no lumps, epididymis feels normal and unobstructed
  2. Check the penis
  3. Internal structures such as ampulla and prostate are evaluated via rectal palpation (less common)
  4. Measure the scrotum
81
Q

Primary sign of estrus

A
  • lordosis, or the rigid immobile stance of the female when being mounted
82
Q

Intralobar Ducts

A
  • are within a lobe and drain several regions of the lobe
83
Q

Infundibulum in the female repro tract

A
  • funnel-shaped with finger like structures projecting toward the ovary
  • yellow, flimsy
84
Q

Enzyme-linked Immunology Assay (ELISA)

A
  • quantitative and qualitative method to determine the presence of a substance using antibodies
85
Q

The Fornix Vagina

A
  • is lined with secretory tissue and develops “blind sports” near the Os Cervix
  • the Os Cervix extends caudally into the vagina and is the opening from the cervix to the vagina
86
Q

Isthmus

A
  • narrow and contains a thick muscularis layer

- closer to uterine horn

87
Q

Venous Flow in the Udder

A
  • three veins on each side carry blood from the udder
    1. External Pudendal Vein
    2. Subcutaneous Abdominal Vein (milk vein)
    3. Perineal Vein
88
Q

Udder Cisterns in the cow’s udder

A
  • functions for milk storage (about 100-400 mL)
  • also called the gland cistern
  • it opens directly into the teat cistern
  • a large cavity where milk can collect between milkings
  • open areas between the teat and the large ducts
89
Q

Skin of udder

A
  • soft, thin and pliable

- covered with fine hair

90
Q

Ampullae in male reproductive tract

A
  • enlargement of the ductus deferens that opens into the pelvic urethra
91
Q

Testicular Capsule is composed of 2 layers

A
  1. Visceral Vaginal Tunica
    - tough layer inside on the testes
    - fibrous tissue
    - parietal vaginal tunica is the thin layer outside of the testis (closer to the body wall of the scrotum, innermost layer of scrotum)
  2. Tunica Albuginea
    - under the visceral vaginal tunica
    - white connective tissue that covers the testes
    - notice the finger-like projections of the Tunica Albuginea that reach into the testicular parenchyma
92
Q

How do ultrasounds display images? What is black and white?

A
  • sends a pulse of ultrasound(high frequency) into tissue using a probe and the sound echoes from parts of the tissue
  • black is fluid
  • white are solids
93
Q

Supernumerary Teats

A
  • about 50% of all cows have extra teats called this
  • they are non-functional and often removed in dairy cows
  • generally they are removed before 1 year of age
94
Q

Types of ELISA tests

A
  1. Sandwich ELISA
  2. Indirect ELISA
  3. Direct ELISA
  4. Competitive ELISA
95
Q

Semen Evaluation

A
  1. Quantity
    - volume
    - concentration
    - total sperm
  2. Quality
    - gross appearance
    - motility
    - morphology
96
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A
  • striated muscle responsible for short term contractions

- responsible for short term contractions to regulate temperature of testes internally

97
Q

Radioimmunology Assay (RIA)

A
  • measures the presence of an antigen using radioactive tagging
  • usually with high sensitivity and high specificity
  • quantitative measure
98
Q

Example of hypothalamic pituitary target organ axis specific to reproduction

A

1) the hypothalamus releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
2) GnRH travels to the anterior pituitary gland which stimulates the release of FSH and LH
3) FSH and LH travel to the testis where they stimulate the production of testosterone (LH) and stimulate sperm production and development (FSH)
4) the presence of testosterone then signals the hypothalamus that it can stop making GnRH

99
Q

The extra-embryonic membranes of the chick

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Chorion
  3. Allantois
  4. Amnion
100
Q

Sandwich ELISA

A
  1. add antibodies that will bind to whatever hormone you are trying to detect the presence of
  2. Add a sample of the hormone to bind
  3. Add more antibodies that are linked to an enzyme
  4. Add a substrate that is activated by an enzyme to cause the color change
  5. The wells that change in color have the presence of the hormone you are trying to measure
101
Q

Two Layers of the ovary

A
  1. Germinal Epithelium
    - the outer layer of the ovary, lighter in color
    - lined with cuboidal epithelium
  2. Tunica Albuginea
    - the inner layer of connective tissue underneath the germinal epithelium
    - more pink
102
Q

Cumulus Oocyte Complex

A
  • during ovulation, the tertiary follicle ruptures and releases this
  • consists of:
    1. oocyte
    2. zona pellucida
    3. Corona Radiata
  • inner layer of granulosa cells
103
Q

Bioassay

A
  • determines the biological activity of a substrate through in vivo(live animals) or in vitro(tissue/cell culturing) methods
  • qualitative measure
104
Q

Pampiniform Plexus

A
  • the network of arteries and veins
  • very coiled
  • maintains proper temperature control of the testis by pre-cooling the arterial blood prior to reaching the testes
105
Q

Stages of embryo development in the chick

A

DAYS
1. Notice the germinal disc
4. development of the amniotic cavity
5. Increase embryo size, moves to C position
6. Notice the amniotic cavity and allantois
7. Thinning of the neck to distinguish head from body, beak begins to form
8. eye and beak become visible, open external auditory canal
9. budding of feathers and appearance of claws
10. nostrils and feathers
11. allantois reaches max and vitelline decrease
13. scales and claws
14. feathers on whole body
15/16. head moves into pepping position, chick and down feathers grow
17. renal system produces urates (white)
18. reduce amniotic fluid
19. beak angled to pierce shell
20. chick breath from air cell
21. HATCH
-> eye, beak, feet, neck, feathers
-> yolk decreases as development continues

106
Q

Infundibulum in the pituitary

A
  • the attachment between the hypothalamus and the pituitary
107
Q

Artificial Vagina

A
  • phantom collection, neuroendocrine
  • high quality and high concentration
  • used to collect semen from cattle, horses, sheep, goats, rabbits and cats
  • uses thermal and mechanical stimulation to trigger ejaculation
  • made of tube with a rubber lining which holds warm water to provide temperature and add pressure
  • lubricated inner liner is added just before use
  • male is allowed to thrust into it
  • male will often mount a phantom female, or a trained steer
108
Q

Adenohypophysis

A
  • pars distalis

- anterior pituitary gland

109
Q

Visual Exam

A
  1. Age
  2. General Health
    - body condition score
    - lameness/feet
    - parasites
    - disease symptoms
    - libido
110
Q

Flehmen Response

A
  • it is when an animal curls back its upper lip and inhales with the nostrils to detect pheromones from the female
111
Q

Ducts in the cow’s udder

A
  • the tubes by which milk drains from the alveoli down to the gland cistern
112
Q

Amnion

A
  • an extra-embryonic membrane

- thick fluid, innermost membrane

113
Q

What did the color change in the ELISA (in lab) indicate about the panda

A
  • It was a positive indication of whether estrogen was present and ovulation was occurring
114
Q

Perivitelline membrane

A
  • protein membrane that covers the yolk
115
Q

Furstenburg’s Rosette

A
  • these are mucosal folds of the streak canal lining at the internal end of the canal
  • it may fold over the canal opening due to pressure when the udder is full
116
Q

Epididymis

A
  • smooth muscle
    1. Head (Caput)
    2. Body (Corpus)
    3. Tail (Cauda)
117
Q

Interlobar Ducts

A
  • Primary ducts that drain multiple lobes

- they are lined with two layers of non-secretory cells and have many myoepithelial cells

118
Q

Venous Circle

A
  • anastomoses between anterior and posterior mammary veins

- prevents pinching off when lying down

119
Q

Arterial Flow Order in the Udder

A
  1. Heart
  2. Abdominal Aorta
  3. Internal and External Iliac’s
  4. Femoral
  5. External Pudendal
    - passes through inguinal canal and allows for downward distention of udder when filled with milk
  6. Mammary Artery
  7. Anterior and Posterior Mammary Artery
120
Q

Methods to detect estrus in cattle

A
  1. Visually
    - observe females early in the morning and late in the evening
  2. Pedometer
    - measures the activity of the females
  3. Tail Patches
    - break when female is mounted and rubbed
  4. Electronic Detection
    - sends information to a computer when mounting is detected
121
Q

Electroejaculation

A
  • neural response, lower quality collection
  • applying a series of short, low-voltage pulses of current to the pelvic nerves which are involved in the ejaculatory response
  • can be used with almost any mammal
  • only technique useful for collecting semen from wild animals, in which case the male is anesthetized prior to the procedure
  • another advantage is that it does not require a mount animal and can be applied in the field using a battery-powered unit
  • with bulls, samples collected using an electrojaculator usually have larger volume and lower number of sperm
122
Q

Anterior Vagina

A
  • lined with columnar epithelium to secrete mucus
123
Q

Equine Estrous Cycle length

A
  • estrous cycle of a mare is about 21 days

- the estrus cycle lasts between 2-8 days

124
Q

Motility

A
  • the percentage of sperm that are progressively motile

- progressively motile sperm swims briskly forward in a relatively straight line, as opposed to moving in circles

125
Q

Swine Estrous cycle length

A
  • estrous cycle of a sow or gilt is 21 days

- estrus will last for 24-72 hours

126
Q

Sensitivity

A
  • what is the lowest concentration of a substance that can be measured
127
Q

Purpose of the broad ligament in female reproductive tract

A
  • to support/suspend the ovaries, oviduct and uterus
128
Q

A-mode Ultrasound

A
  • indicates a fluid filled structure

- can lead to false positives if pointed at a full bladder

129
Q

Advantages of Ultrasound

A
  1. inc reproductive efficiency
  2. decreases non-productive days
  3. portable
  4. non-invasive
  5. real time which allows for an evaluation of movement (blood flow) instead of a snap shot (x-ray)
130
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • to nourish by nutrients within the seminal fluid
  • the components of the seminal fluid are produced by accessory glands
    1. Prostate Gland
    2. Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
    3. Seminal Vesicles
131
Q

Escutchion

A
  • the region on the caudal surface of the udder where the hair is directed dorsally
132
Q

Abnormal Morphologies of sperm

A
  • curved tail
  • long head
  • docked tail
133
Q

Anterior pituitary

A
  • develops from the same tissue as the roof of the mouth, so it is not neural origin
  • therefore, the hypothalamus communicates with it via releasing hormones which trigger its endocrine action
  • these releasing hormones travel via the portal system
  • larger than the posterior pituitary gland
134
Q

Spermatic Cord

A 
- extends from the inguinal ring (the passageway from the body cavity into the scrotum) to the top of the testis
3 Major Components
1. Ductus Deferens (vas deferens)
2. Cremaster Muscle
3. Pampiniform Plexus
135
Q

Four primary structures of the pituitary

A

1) anterior pituitary
2) posterior pituitary
3) infundibulum
4) sella turcica

136
Q

Secondary Follicles

A
  • primary follicles develop into these
  • 2 or more layers of cuboidal cells (granulosa cells) that surround an oocyte
  • oocyte is encased in a membrane called the zona pellucida
137
Q

Competitive ELISA

A
  1. Usually used when antigen has a small number of binding sites
  2. Inhibitor antigens compete for binding site on the antibody
  3. color change is inversely represented by concentration
138
Q

Fertilization

A
  1. Acrosomal reaction
  2. Spermatozoon binds with and penetrates oocyte
  3. Male and Female pronuclei form
139
Q

Sella Turcica

A
  • latin for turkish seat

- a saddle shaped depression the bone that “cups” the pituitary

140
Q

Median Intermammary Groove

A
  • divides right and left glands
141
Q

Total Sperm

A
  • multiply concentration by ejaculate volume
142
Q

What is the purpose of the wash steps in ELISA

A
  • to make sure there are no antigens remaining in the wells that will bind to the antibodies added in the next steps
143
Q

Interlobular Ducts

A
  • secondary ducts that drain multiple lobules
  • they are lined with one layer of secretory cells and are surrounded by myoepithelial cells
  • they participate in the oxytocin-induced milk ejection
144
Q

Lymph in the udder

A
  • lymph travels from the udder to the thoracic duct and empties into the blood system
145
Q

Penis

A

Three parts

  1. Root/Base
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans Penis
    - trigger for ejaculation
146
Q

Lobe

A
  • a groups of lobules surrounded by a connective tissue sheath
  • each mammary gland has numerous lobes
147
Q

Color Doppler

A
  • uses an array of colors to detect direction and speed of blood flow through a blood vessel
148
Q

Utero-tubular junction

A
  • point where the isthmus meets the uterus
149
Q

Uterine Body has 3 layers

A
  1. The Perimetrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Endometrium
150
Q

Direct ELISA

A
  1. The ELISA plate is coated with antigens
  2. Only one antibody (and enzyme) detects the antigen
  3. The color change is directly related to the hormone concentration
151
Q

Estrus

A
  • noun. event within the estrous cycle
  • period of sexual receptivity in the female
  • estrus detection is identifying when a female is in heat
152
Q

Pregnancy Detection via ultrasound for species

A
  1. Cow- 25-30 d
  2. Ewe- 17-18 d
  3. Sow- 17-24 d
153
Q

Yolk

A
  • provides nutrients to the developing embryo
154
Q

Types of Ultrasound

A
  1. Doppler Ultrasound
    - doppler ultrasonography
    - color doppler
    - spectral doppler
  2. A-mode
  3. B-mode, or Real Time Imaging (2D real time image)
155
Q

Streak Canal

A
  • functions as the only orifice of the gland between internal milk secretory system and the external environment
  • it is the main barrier against intramammary infection
  • it is kept closed by sphincter muscles around the streak canal
  • it is lined with a skin-like epidermis that forms the keratin material that has antibacterial properties
156
Q

Efferent Ducts

A
  • connects the rete tubules to the epididymis
157
Q

What two factors allow spermatozoon to penetrate the oocyte and traverse the zona pellucida

A
  1. Motility

2. Zona-digesting enzymes

158
Q

Uterine horns

A
  • extends from the utero-tubular junction to the uterine body
  • contains button like structures called caruncles within
159
Q

Species specific fusion of the sperm with the egg

A
  • involves bindin
  • only becomes exposed at the end of the acrosomal reaction
  • capable of binding only to eggs of the same species
  • how a lock and key work
  • receptors are the lock on the egg cell surface that only recognize the bindin protein (key) originating from sperm of the same species
160
Q

Secretory Tissue in the udder

A
  • is organized into lobes, with each lobe containing multiple lobules
  • each lobule contains 150-220 microscopic alveoli
161
Q

Proper position for partuition (birth)

A
  • the calf’s feet and then nose will be the first to protrude from the vulva
  • “superman” position
162
Q

Why is the blood supply to the mammary gland very important?

A
  • because all of the milk precursors come from the blood
  • on avg 400-500 units of blood passes through the udder for each unit of milk synthesized by a high producing dairy cow
  • there is no crossover of blood supply (anastomosis) between udder halves
163
Q

Lobules

A
  • clusters of 150-220 alveoli that are encapsulated by a connective tissue sheath
164
Q

Alveoli in the cow’s udder

A
  • responsible for the synthesis of milk
165
Q

Allantois

A
  • an extra-embryonic membrane
  • clear fluid, thin, larger than amnion innervated
  • next to yolk connected to embryo
  • contains waste from embryo
166
Q

Pseudo-teat

A
  • has no streak canal meaning it has no connection to the internal structures of the gland
167
Q

Duct Types

A
  1. Interlobar Ducts
  2. Intralobar Ducts
  3. Interlobular Ducts
  4. Intralobular Ducts

Animal Reproduction (13 decks)

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