Quarter 2: lesson 1 Flashcards
separating the cell’s internal constitution
from its external environment.
outer limiting barrier
semi-permeable structure that regulates the entry and exit of material into
and out of the cell.
cell membrane
The main fabric of the
cell that covers, protect,
and separate the cell’s
internal and external
environment.
PHOSPHOLIPID
BILAYER
Hydrophilic (forms
a strong affinity with water
molecule)
Head
Hydrophobic (repels
water molecule)
Tails
- Enable materials to
pass through the cell,
essential for cell support,
cellular recognition,
and communication.
PROTEIN
Form specialized sites
on the cell surface that
allow the cell to
recognize each other.
CARBOHYDRATE
Holds the
phospholipid bilayer
together, keeping
them in shape, join
adjacent cell, and alter
membrane fluidity.
CHOLESTEROL
Penetrates the hydrophobic core of the cell
membrane and act as a gateway of materials
into and out of the cell.
INTEGRAL
PROTEIN
protein with carbohydrate attached
glycoprotein
lipid with carbohyrdrate attached
glycolipid
Loosely attached to membrane surface and can
facilitates communication between cells,
establishing identity between neighboring
cells.
PERIPHERAL
PROTEIN
These are membrane carbohydrates attached
either to lipid bilayer or to membrane proteins
which are essential for cellular recognition.
GLYCOPROTEIN
& GLYCOLIPIDS
move
substance in a
unidirectional
manner
depending on
concentration
gradient.
Uniport
move
two different
substances in
the cell
membrane in
different
direction at the
same time.
Antiport
move
two different
substances in
the cell
membrane in
the same
direction at the
same time.
Symport
- Proteins may
have a binding
site that detects
external signals
and transmit
them into the
cell to trigger
responses.
Receptor
Protein may act
as an enzymes to
catalyze reactions
at the membrane
surface, such as
energy
production.
Enzymatic Activity
- Some glycoproteins
serve as
identification tags
that are specifically
recognized by other
cells.
Cell to cell
Recognition
Membrane proteins
help cells adhere to
each other or to the
extracellular matrix,
which is essential in
tissue formation.
Cell Adhesion or
Intercellular joining
Refers to the different ways on how
materials are being transported into and
out of the cell.
* These mechanism is primarily driven by
transport proteins embedded in the cell
membrane, providing a living channel
for molecules to pass through the
phospholipid bilayer.
CELL TRANSPORT
are substance
that needs to be dissolved,
catalyzed or broken down.
SOLUTE
substance that
will dissolve the solute.
SOLVENT
is a
measurement of how the
concentration of solute
changes from one place to
another.
CONCENTRATION
GRADIENT
refers
to the movement of
molecules across a
membrane that does
not require the input
of energy.
* Molecules move from
higher concentration
to lower
concentration.
Passive transport
- Movement of small,
nonpolar molecules directly
through the lipid bilayer. - Molecules move from areas
of high concentration to low
concentration without the
need for transport
proteins. - Example, oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
Simple Diffusion
Transport of larger or
polar molecules across
the membrane
through specific
carrier or channel
proteins.
* Examples, glucose and
ions.
Facilitated Diffusion
- Movement of water
molecules through a
semipermeable
membrane. - Water moves from
areas of low solute
concentration to
areas of high solute
concentration.
Osmosis
is a type
of vesicular transport
where the movement
of large particles into
the cells happens
through vesicle
formation.
Endocytosis
- “Cell-eating”
- The cell membrane extends
around the material, forming
pseudopodia or membrane
projections that engulf the
particle. The particle is then
enclosed in a large vesicle
known as a phagosome,
which fuses with a lysosome
to digest the material.
PHAGOCYTOSIS
- “Cell-drinking”
- The cell membrane invaginates
to form small vesicles filled with
extracellular fluid. Unlike
phagocytosis, it is non-specific
and captures whatever is in the
fluid, such as nutrients or small
molecules.
PINOCYTOSIS
is a type of active transport where cells
expel materials from within the cell to the external
environment. This process involves vesicles that fuse
with the plasma membrane to release their contents
outside the cell. Exocytosis is essential for removing
waste, secreting hormones, and maintaining the cell
membrane. It requires energy (ATP) to transport
substances.
Exocytosis
the solute is higher outside than the inside of
the cell. So, water moves out and the cell will shrink.
hypertonic solution,
there is an equal concentration of solute inside
and outside of the cell. So, the movement of water stays the same.
isotonic solution,
the solute is higher inside than the outside.
So, water moves into the cell until it swell and burst.
hypotonic solution,
