Quarter 2 Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Scalpel
Make incisions; superficial dissection; incise the artery or vein
Surgical Scissors
Make incisions; cut ligatures; incise the artery or vein
Arterial Scissors
Incise a vessel; some styles cut needle injector wires
Aneurysm Hook
Dissects fat and fascia; elevates and secures vessels
Separator
Elevates and secures vessels
Arterial Tube/Cannula
Inserted into artery for injection of embalming solution
Drain Tube or Angular Spring Forceps
Inserted into vein for drainage of blood and body fluids
Arterial Hemostat (forceps)
Secures arterial tube in artery
Spring Forceps
Passes ligatures around vessels
Groove Director
Expands vein for insertion of the drainage device or guides an arterial tube into an artery
Common Carotid Artery
- Vessel most commonly used for arterial embalming.
- Is large in diameter and is
- accompanied by the internal jugular vein.
- Supplies fluid directly to the head and the face.
Internal Jugular Vein
- The right internal jugular leads directly into the right atrium of the heart through the right brachiocephalic and superior vena cava.
- The right internal jugular vein is a favorable drainage site for that reason.
Facial Artery
Usually reserved for when the common carotid is either damaged or unavailable. (Pretty sure Ben said not to use this when possible.)
Axillary Artery
- The artery beings at the lateral border of the first rib after passing through the cervicoaxillary canal.
- Used to be the preferred site to inject the entire body.
- Now commonly used as a secondary point of injection when the solution isn’t reaching the arm. (Near the armpit.)
Brachial Artery
- Continuation or the axillary artery.
- Is also used as a secondary injection to reach the forearm or the hand. (Extending from the armpit.)
Radial Artery
Originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery and supplies solution directly to the lateral side of the hand (thumb.) (Near the wrist.)
Ulnar Artery
Also originates at the bifurcation of the brachial artery and supplies solution directly to the medial side of the hand (little finger.) (Near the wrist.)
Femoral Artery
- Continuation of the external iliac artery, and is located superficial and lateral to the femoral vein.
- Is a frequent selection for arterial embalming.
Popliteal Artery
- A continuation of the femoral artery
- can be used as a secondary injection site when solution has not been distributed below the knee.
- (Is located behind the knee.)
Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries
Supplies the arterial solution directly to the portion of the leg below the knee and into the foot. (Lies at the superficial margin of the tibia.)
Abdominal Aorta and Thoracic Aorta
- Largest ARTERY in the body,
-travelling the length of the torso along its midline. - Either can be used for injection following PARTIAL AUTOPSY or ORGAN DONATION.
External Iliac Artery
- Passes beneath the inguinal ligament and lies on the lateral side of the external iliac vein.
- Following a complete trunk autopsy, the external iliac is accessible from the pelvic cavity. Supplies solution to the lower extremity and anterior abdominal wall.
Internal Iliac Artery
- Supplies embalming solution to the external genitalia, gluteal muscles, and the peroneal regions.
- Following a complete trunk autopsy, the external iliac is accessible from the pelvic cavity.
Inferior Vena Cava
Largest vein in the body.
- It is located to the right of the aorta at the posterior abdominal wall.
- It is primarily used for blood drainage in cases of partial autopsy or organ donation.
Right Atrium of the Heart
- Direct heart drainage is recommended for infectious cases to eliminate contact with blood and bodily fluids.
- It is done by piercing the right side of the heart with a trocar and guiding the tip of the instrument directly into the right atrium.
Intrinsic Factors
- Cause and manner of death
- Body conditions (pathological conditions, microbial influence, moisture, hermal influences, nitrogenous waste products, weight, gas in tissues or cavity)
- Presence or absence of discolorations
- Postmortem physical and chemical changes
- Effects of pharmaceutical agents
- Illegal drugs
- Age, weight
( think about what information a medical examiner would look for during an autopsy)
Extrinsic Factors
- ENVIRONMENT (Atmospheric conditions, thermal influences, microbial influences, vermin)
- TIME intervals (between death and prep, between prep and disposition)
- EMBALMER preferences
How Are Vessels Affected by Arteriosclerosis?
Thickens and hardens the walls of the arteries, occurring typically in old age.
How Are Vessels Affected by Liver Failure?
Edema, increase in ammonia, jaundice, hair loss, purges caused by rupture of esophageal veins
How Are Vessels Affected by Renal Failure?
1) Increase in ammonia in the tissues, 2) edema in tissues
3) gastrointestinal bleeding, 4) pulmonary edema
5) congestive heart failure,
6) discoloration of the skin
(renal failure is kidney failure: kidneys, lose ability to remove waste and balance fluids)
How Are Vessels Affected by Damage to Blood Vessels?
Skin hemorrhage
(think of purpura)
How Are Vessels Affected by Damage to the Walls?
Breakdown of skin; skin-slip often present
How Are Vessels Affected by Jaundice?
- Edema, drainage difficulty
- Color changes
How Are Vessels Affected by Congestive Heart Failure?
Facial discoloration, death of the superficial cells, protein degeneration
Types of Fluid
1) Active Dyes
2) Anticoagulants
3) Buffers
4) Formaldehyde/Formalin
5) Humectants
6) Phenol
7) Surfactants
Active Dyes
Cosmetic fluid
Anticoagulants
Water conditioner
(antiCOagulant=COnditioner)
Buffer
serve to control the acid-base balance of fluid and tissues (balances pH)
Formaldehyde and Formalin
Preserving solution
Humectants
Controls tissue moisture
Phenol
Preservative and germicide
Surfectants
Wetting agent
Effects Of Long-Term Use Of Medication
JAUNDICE, discoloration, EDEMA, difficulty in establishing tissue firmness, loss of hair, internal bleeding, RENAL FAILURE causing an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the tissues, changes in the cell wall, swelling of facial tissues.
Livor Mortis
- Discoloration Of the Skin
- Is removed by blood drainage
Postmortem Stain
- Discoloration Of the Skin
- Not removed by blood drainage
Alternate Drainage
- Type of Drainage
- The arterial solution is never injected while drainage is being taken
Concurrent (Continuous) Drainage
- Type of Drainage
- Injection and drainage are allowed to proceed at the same time throughout the embalming