Quantitive evidence and research Flashcards
what is the classic experimental design?
dependant variable is measured before and after the intervention
‘method of difference’
pre test - intervention - post test - difference
what is the control group?
- does not receive treatment
- placebo effect in clinical trials
what is the composition of the control group?
the aim is equivalence between the experimental and control groups
individuals are either randomly assigned to each group or matched on the basis of relevant characteristics
e..g matching
what is Ho
?
no difference in pre test and post test observations for either group
wha is Ha?
alternative
difference in pre test and post for experimental but not control
why is the the classic experiment effective?
- comparison of response variables pre and post treatment
- control via experimental and control groups
- manipulation of X between pre and post test observations
- generlisation or externa validity is weak
what are the problems of external validity with experiments?
- interaction of history and treatment
- setting
- difficult to achieve in practice without losing some controls
why might you move on from a laboratory experiment?
- not always practical in management research
- subject is often complex with numerous influences
- it may not be possible to observe the effect in the lab
- researcher cannot manipulate the indent variable
- more pragmatic alternative research design based on the classic experiment have emerged (more sensible)
what is a field experiment?
share small echarsteristics of class
- seeks to reduce experimental effects and improve ecological validity
- sample is representative of population under study
- often used with social / economic policy objectives
- trade off between intenal validity and greater realism
what is a quasi experiment?
- like classic but lacks random assignment
- lacks internal validity as they are not randomly assigned
- field experiments are can be quasi or true
what are the types of quasi experimental designs?
- ex post facto
- contrasting groups
- panels
- time series
what is ex post facto research?
quasi design
how an independent variable present prior to study in ppt affects dependant variable
what is panel research method?
collecting data repedeatdly from pre recruited set of people
in classic experiments what is there a trade off with?
external and eocnoligcal validity
what do field and quasi experiments attempt to do?
make classic experiment more realistic
what is a concept?
abstract idea or notion
categories for the organisation od ideas and observations
- building blocks of theory and focus of management research
- purpose of quantitative research is to measure concepts
- once measured concepts can be used as depdnnat or independnat variables
what does delineation mean?
indicating exact position
describnig precsily
what is the importance of measurement?
- delineation of fine differences in concepts
- provides a consistent device or yardstick for making such distinction
- gives more precise information about relationship between variables
what is an indicator of concept?
An indicator is an observable and measurable entity that serves to define a concept in a practical
for example intelligence test is used as an indication of IQ
- can use single or multiple indicators of a concept
what are the advantages of using multiple indidctators of concepts?
- finer distinctions are possible
- concept may have multiple dimensions
- make its more detailed
what i stability?
are measure consistent over time?
detected by test and retest method
what are the problems with testing for stability?
history effect
out of date
what is inter observe consistency?
occurs when com[arnig subjective judgements of multiple researchers
(content analysis, open ended responses and observation)
what is measurement validity?
do indicators measure the concept they are designed for?
- face validity
- concurrent and preductive validity
- construct validity
- convergent Validity y
what is face validity?
subject view
does it appear to be a valid measure
intuitive process
what is concurrent validity?
comparing a new test with an existing test to se if produce same results
should be able to deduce hypothesis from related theory
wat is predictive validity
how likley are results to predict future
what is construct validity?
degree to which a test measures what it claims
whether optional definition of variable actually reflect measure
what is convergent validity?
subtypes of constrict
measures should be related to eacoher
