Quantitive evidence and research

Question 1

what is the classic experimental design?

Answer 1

dependant variable is measured before and after the intervention

‘method of difference’

pre test - intervention - post test - difference

Question 2

what is the control group?

Answer 2

• does not receive treatment

- placebo effect in clinical trials

Question 3

what is the composition of the control group?

Answer 3

the aim is equivalence between the experimental and control groups

individuals are either randomly assigned to each group or matched on the basis of relevant characteristics

e..g matching

Question 4

what is Ho

?

Answer 4

no difference in pre test and post test observations for either group

Question 5

wha is Ha?

Answer 5

alternative

difference in pre test and post for experimental but not control

Question 6

why is the the classic experiment effective?

Answer 6

• comparison of response variables pre and post treatment
• control via experimental and control groups
• manipulation of X between pre and post test observations
• generlisation or externa validity is weak

Question 7

what are the problems of external validity with experiments?

Answer 7

• interaction of history and treatment
• setting
• difficult to achieve in practice without losing some controls

Question 8

why might you move on from a laboratory experiment?

Answer 8

• not always practical in management research
• subject is often complex with numerous influences
• it may not be possible to observe the effect in the lab
• researcher cannot manipulate the indent variable
• more pragmatic alternative research design based on the classic experiment have emerged (more sensible)

Question 9

what is a field experiment?

Answer 9

share small echarsteristics of class

• seeks to reduce experimental effects and improve ecological validity
• sample is representative of population under study
• often used with social / economic policy objectives
• trade off between intenal validity and greater realism

Question 10

what is a quasi experiment?

Answer 10

• like classic but lacks random assignment
• lacks internal validity as they are not randomly assigned
• field experiments are can be quasi or true

Question 11

what are the types of quasi experimental designs?

Answer 11

• ex post facto
• contrasting groups
• panels
• time series

Question 12

what is ex post facto research?

Answer 12

quasi design

how an independent variable present prior to study in ppt affects dependant variable

Question 13

what is panel research method?

Answer 13

collecting data repedeatdly from pre recruited set of people

Question 14

in classic experiments what is there a trade off with?

Answer 14

external and eocnoligcal validity

Question 15

what do field and quasi experiments attempt to do?

Answer 15

make classic experiment more realistic

Question 16

what is a concept?

Answer 16

abstract idea or notion

categories for the organisation od ideas and observations

• building blocks of theory and focus of management research
• purpose of quantitative research is to measure concepts
• once measured concepts can be used as depdnnat or independnat variables

Question 17

what does delineation mean?

Answer 17

indicating exact position

describnig precsily

Question 18

what is the importance of measurement?

Answer 18

• delineation of fine differences in concepts
• provides a consistent device or yardstick for making such distinction
• gives more precise information about relationship between variables

Question 19

what is an indicator of concept?

Answer 19

An indicator is an observable and measurable entity that serves to define a concept in a practical

for example intelligence test is used as an indication of IQ

• can use single or multiple indicators of a concept

Question 20

what are the advantages of using multiple indidctators of concepts?

Answer 20

• finer distinctions are possible
• concept may have multiple dimensions
• make its more detailed

Question 21

what i stability?

Answer 21

are measure consistent over time?

detected by test and retest method

Question 22

what are the problems with testing for stability?

Answer 22

history effect

out of date

Question 23

what is inter observe consistency?

Answer 23

occurs when com[arnig subjective judgements of multiple researchers

(content analysis, open ended responses and observation)

Question 24

what is measurement validity?

Answer 24

do indicators measure the concept they are designed for?

• face validity
• concurrent and preductive validity
• construct validity
• convergent Validity y

Question 25

what is face validity?

Answer 25

subject view
does it appear to be a valid measure

intuitive process

Question 26

what is concurrent validity?

Answer 26

comparing a new test with an existing test to se if produce same results

should be able to deduce hypothesis from related theory

Question 27

wat is predictive validity

Answer 27

how likley are results to predict future

Question 28

what is construct validity?

Answer 28

degree to which a test measures what it claims

whether optional definition of variable actually reflect measure

Question 29

what is convergent validity?

Answer 29

subtypes of constrict

measures should be related to eacoher