Quan Study Guide pt.1 Flashcards
most important funciton of oxygen
metabolism, energy consumption,
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
oxygen is___ at body temperature
inert (very stable in body and non reactive)
at body temp, oxygen is activated by
metal ions (but reactions dont occur)
oxidation is loss or gain of electrons
loss of electrons or an
reduction is loss or gain of electrons
gain
reduction is increase or decrease of oxidation state
decrease
oxidation is increase/decrease of oxidation state
increase
oxidation/reduction mneuomic
OIL RIG
ROS
reactive oxygen species: partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen_
most prevalent ROS
hydrogen peroxide
what is most reactive and damaging species ROS
OH radical
free radicals are clusters of atoms , one of which contains an
unpaired electron in outermost shell
are free radicals stable/unstable and do they react quickly/slowly
very unstable, react very quickly to become stable
3 ways ROS are formed in vivo
reactton of oxygen with decompartmentalized metal ions, side reaction of mitochondrial electron transport, or when an artery is clogged
oxidative stress is an imbalance between
prooxidant and antioxidant systems
what is most sensitive site of ROS damage
at cell membrane
cell membranes are rich in
polyunsaturated FA
damage to cell membrane reduces
integrity and function
macrophages and neutrophils must generates ROS in order to
kill some types of bacteria that they engulf via phagocytosis
myeloperoxidase is usually what type of cell and produces what
neutrophil and produces hypochloric acid
superoxide dismutase converts
two superoxide anions into a molecule of hydrogen perozide and oxygen
examples of antioxidants
Vit A, C, E (protective), uric acid, glutathione peroxidase
glutathione peroxidase
reduced back to original form with help of NADPH
all ingested materials are filtered thru the
liver
excretory function of liver
bilirubin
mad liver disease
no outward symptoms
structure of livier facilitates exchange of metabolites between
hepatocytes and plasma
liver stores glucose as
glycogen
synthesis of glucose thru
gluconeogenesis
majority of plasma proteins (albumin, coagulation factors, alpha/beta globulins) are synthesized
synthesized in liver
urea cycle is important for removal of
nitrogen generated by amino acid metabolism
ammonia is toxic/not toxic to CNS
toxic (can cause brain damage)
a heme is a constituent of
hemoglobin
heme is the binding moiety of
O2
the liver is the main
nonerythrocyte source of heme synthesis
rate limiting step in heme synthesis is
5-ALA synthase (in mitochondria)
heme controls its own syntehsis by inhibiting
5-ALA synthase
what is bilirubin
catabolic product of heme
oxidized bilirubin is called
biliverdin
jaundice is really called
hyperbilirubinemia
jaundice is the result of an imbalance between
the production and excretion of bilirubin.
three main causes of jaundice are
prehepatic, intrahepatic, postehepatic
prehapitic
increased production of bilirubin
intrahepatic
impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin
posthepatic
obstruction to bilary drainage
most drugs are metabolized where in the body
liver
2 phases of drug metabolism
1: addition of polar group
2: conjugation
cytochrome p-450 is a heme containing proteins that
colaclize with reduced NADPH (present in ER)
acetaminophen is hepatotoxic
in excess (causes free radical mediated peroxidation of membrane lipids)
excess intake of ____ is most common cause of liver disease
ethyl alcohol
