Quan Study Guide pt.1

Question 1

most important funciton of oxygen

Answer 1

metabolism, energy consumption,

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Question 2

oxygen is___ at body temperature

Answer 2

inert (very stable in body and non reactive)

Question 3

at body temp, oxygen is activated by

Answer 3

metal ions (but reactions dont occur)

Question 4

oxidation is loss or gain of electrons

Answer 4

loss of electrons or an

Question 5

reduction is loss or gain of electrons

Answer 5

gain

Question 6

reduction is increase or decrease of oxidation state

Answer 6

decrease

Question 7

oxidation is increase/decrease of oxidation state

Answer 7

increase

Question 8

oxidation/reduction mneuomic

Answer 8

OIL RIG

Question 9

ROS

Answer 9

reactive oxygen species: partially reduced, reactive forms of oxygen_

Question 10

most prevalent ROS

Answer 10

hydrogen peroxide

Question 11

what is most reactive and damaging species ROS

Answer 11

OH radical

Question 12

free radicals are clusters of atoms , one of which contains an

Answer 12

unpaired electron in outermost shell

Question 13

are free radicals stable/unstable and do they react quickly/slowly

Answer 13

very unstable, react very quickly to become stable

Question 14

3 ways ROS are formed in vivo

Answer 14

reactton of oxygen with decompartmentalized metal ions, side reaction of mitochondrial electron transport, or when an artery is clogged

Question 15

oxidative stress is an imbalance between

Answer 15

prooxidant and antioxidant systems

Question 16

what is most sensitive site of ROS damage

Answer 16

at cell membrane

Question 17

cell membranes are rich in

Answer 17

polyunsaturated FA

Question 18

damage to cell membrane reduces

Answer 18

integrity and function

Question 19

macrophages and neutrophils must generates ROS in order to

Answer 19

kill some types of bacteria that they engulf via phagocytosis

Question 20

myeloperoxidase is usually what type of cell and produces what

Answer 20

neutrophil and produces hypochloric acid

Question 21

superoxide dismutase converts

Answer 21

two superoxide anions into a molecule of hydrogen perozide and oxygen

Question 22

examples of antioxidants

Answer 22

Vit A, C, E (protective), uric acid, glutathione peroxidase

Question 23

glutathione peroxidase

Answer 23

reduced back to original form with help of NADPH

Question 24

all ingested materials are filtered thru the

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

excretory function of liver

Answer 25

bilirubin

Question 26

mad liver disease

Answer 26

no outward symptoms

Question 27

structure of livier facilitates exchange of metabolites between

Answer 27

hepatocytes and plasma

Question 28

liver stores glucose as

Answer 28

glycogen

Question 29

synthesis of glucose thru

Answer 29

gluconeogenesis

Question 30

majority of plasma proteins (albumin, coagulation factors, alpha/beta globulins) are synthesized

Answer 30

synthesized in liver

Question 31

urea cycle is important for removal of

Answer 31

nitrogen generated by amino acid metabolism

Question 32

ammonia is toxic/not toxic to CNS

Answer 32

toxic (can cause brain damage)

Question 33

a heme is a constituent of

Answer 33

hemoglobin

Question 34

heme is the binding moiety of

Answer 34

O2

Question 35

the liver is the main

Answer 35

nonerythrocyte source of heme synthesis

Question 36

rate limiting step in heme synthesis is

Answer 36

5-ALA synthase (in mitochondria)

Question 37

heme controls its own syntehsis by inhibiting

Answer 37

5-ALA synthase

Question 38

what is bilirubin

Answer 38

catabolic product of heme

Question 39

oxidized bilirubin is called

Answer 39

biliverdin

Question 40

jaundice is really called

Answer 40

hyperbilirubinemia

Question 41

jaundice is the result of an imbalance between

Answer 41

the production and excretion of bilirubin.

Question 42

three main causes of jaundice are

Answer 42

prehepatic, intrahepatic, postehepatic

Question 43

prehapitic

Answer 43

increased production of bilirubin

Question 44

intrahepatic

Answer 44

impaired hepatic uptake, conjugation, or secretion of bilirubin

Question 45

posthepatic

Answer 45

obstruction to bilary drainage

Question 46

most drugs are metabolized where in the body

Answer 46

liver

Question 47

2 phases of drug metabolism

Answer 47

1: addition of polar group 2: conjugation

Question 48

cytochrome p-450 is a heme containing proteins that

Answer 48

colaclize with reduced NADPH (present in ER)

Question 49

acetaminophen is hepatotoxic

Answer 49

in excess (causes free radical mediated peroxidation of membrane lipids)

Question 50

excess intake of ____ is most common cause of liver disease

Answer 50

ethyl alcohol