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Final Biochem > Leys Final > Flashcards

Leys Final Flashcards

1
Q

Factors contributing to state of nutrition

A 
appetite
energy expeniture
genotype
digestion
metabolism
availability of food
customs
disease
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2
Q

3 regulators of food intake

A

leptin

ghrelin and insulin

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3
Q

leptin circulates in the body at levels proportional to

A

body fat

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4
Q

leptin signals the brain that the body has had enough

A

to eat or satiety

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5
Q

adipose tissue produces _____ that regulate _____

A

produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the bodys needs

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6
Q

AMP and ATP regulate

A

AMP activated kinase (AMPK)

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7
Q

AMPK regulates

A

rate limiting enzymes in energy pathways

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8
Q

high levels of AMPK ativity inhibit

A

energy UTILZING pathways and stimulate energy GENERATING pathways

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9
Q

increased ghrelin increases

A

appetite

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10
Q

grehlin favors accumulation of ____

A

lips in visceral fatty tissue

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11
Q

estimated average requirements for calories/protein changes with

A

sex and age

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12
Q

calorie intake is equal to

A

calorie utilization in a day

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13
Q

recommended daily allowance (RDA)is adequate for

A

great majority of individuals

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14
Q

estimated average requirement (EAR)

A

is adequate for half the population

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15
Q

fat has the highest ___

A

energy content per weight

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16
Q

alcohol has a high/low energy content

A

high

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17
Q

increase in obesity linked to

A

increase use of high fructose corn syrup

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18
Q

high fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into

A

glucose using amylase

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19
Q

broken down glucose then is converted to fructose with

A

glucose isomerase

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20
Q

health risks associated with high fructose corn syrip

A

mercury, hypertension, cholesterol, long term liver damage, diabetes, obesity

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21
Q

lack of protein results in

A 
decreased protein synthesis
decreased glucose transport
fatty liver
liver necrosis
depression
hypothermia
immune function
decreased cardiac/renal function
loss of muscle
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22
Q

obesity is associated with

A 
type 2
hypertension
stroke
dyslipidemia
gall stones
cancer
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23
Q

trans fatty acids are essentional/not essential

A

not essential, provide no benefit

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24
Q

saturated fats increase levels of LDL/HDL cholesterol

A

LDL (bad cholesterol)

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25
trans fats increase levels of
LDL and lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol- increases risk of heart disease)
26
drug metabolism takes place
anywhere in body but mainly liver
27
3 outcomes of drug metabolism
- increase in drug hydrophilicity - metabolic products are less active than substrate drug - inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms
28
mechanisms of drug resistance
``` decreased permeability alteration of target site enzymatic inactivtion active transport out of cell amplification of gene coding ```
29
increase in dna repair activity can decrease
effectiveness of drugs that target DNA
30
multidrug resistant results from an increase in
the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of cell
31
4 essential proceses from single cell to multicellular organism
cell proliferation cell specialization cell interaction cell movement
32
homeotic genes direct regions to differentiate into
their final forms
33
genes can have complex expresison patterns by having series of
control regions directing transcription
34
homeotic genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as
they are expressed in developing embryos (same in fruit flies and humans)
35
symptoms of oral cancers
patches, mouth sores, bleeding, loose teeth, earache, lump in neck
36
risk factors for oral cancers
``` smoking alcohol HPV chronic irritation immunosupressants poor oral hygeine ```
37
epithelial cancer
carcinoma (90%)
38
connective/muscle tissue cancer
sarcoma
39
hemopoietic cancer
leukemia
40
protooncogenes
eventually lead to oncogenes thru activation
41
oncogenes
gene that has potential to cause cancer
42
tumor supressor gene (antioncogene)
gene that protects cell from a step that leads to cancer
43
trans
straight
44
cis
bent
45
fructose metabolized mainly where
in the liver
46
Cell stages
M, cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, (G0)
47
G0
default state, where cell arrests
48
Interphase
everything outside of mitosis (G1, S, G2)
49
G stands for
growth
50
G1
cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes are duplicated. This is where ther eis most variability among cell types
51
G2
cell "double checks" the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes repairs
52
S
Synthesis: each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated
53
M
Mitosis (1 hr)
54
S-M time
12-24 hrs
55
signaling molecules
hormones, cytokines, growth factors
56
Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PKT) are often involved in
checkpoint signaling
57
targets may be intrinsic, meaning
phosphorylates itself
58
if a target is extrinsic then it phosphorylates
another protein
59
growth factors signal for
proliferation
60
oncogenes are mutant signal
transducers
61
insertion of a retrovirus can cause activation of a
proteooncogene
62
most common genetic lesion found in human cancer is in
P53
63
G1 checkpoint
is environment favorable
64
G2 Checkpoint
is environment favorable and DNA replicated (from S stage)
65
M checkpoint
chromosomes attached to spindle (metaphase)
66
human tumors often come from ________ rather than a viral mechanism
point mutations or re arrangement in onco genes

Final Biochem (6 decks)

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