Leys Final Flashcards
Factors contributing to state of nutrition
appetite energy expeniture genotype digestion metabolism availability of food customs disease
3 regulators of food intake
leptin
ghrelin and insulin
leptin circulates in the body at levels proportional to
body fat
leptin signals the brain that the body has had enough
to eat or satiety
adipose tissue produces _____ that regulate _____
produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the bodys needs
AMP and ATP regulate
AMP activated kinase (AMPK)
AMPK regulates
rate limiting enzymes in energy pathways
high levels of AMPK ativity inhibit
energy UTILZING pathways and stimulate energy GENERATING pathways
increased ghrelin increases
appetite
grehlin favors accumulation of ____
lips in visceral fatty tissue
estimated average requirements for calories/protein changes with
sex and age
calorie intake is equal to
calorie utilization in a day
recommended daily allowance (RDA)is adequate for
great majority of individuals
estimated average requirement (EAR)
is adequate for half the population
fat has the highest ___
energy content per weight
alcohol has a high/low energy content
high
increase in obesity linked to
increase use of high fructose corn syrup
high fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into
glucose using amylase
broken down glucose then is converted to fructose with
glucose isomerase
health risks associated with high fructose corn syrip
mercury, hypertension, cholesterol, long term liver damage, diabetes, obesity
lack of protein results in
decreased protein synthesis decreased glucose transport fatty liver liver necrosis depression hypothermia immune function decreased cardiac/renal function loss of muscle
obesity is associated with
type 2 hypertension stroke dyslipidemia gall stones cancer
trans fatty acids are essentional/not essential
not essential, provide no benefit
saturated fats increase levels of LDL/HDL cholesterol
LDL (bad cholesterol)
trans fats increase levels of
LDL and lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol- increases risk of heart disease)
drug metabolism takes place
anywhere in body but mainly liver
3 outcomes of drug metabolism
- increase in drug hydrophilicity
- metabolic products are less active than substrate drug
- inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms
mechanisms of drug resistance
decreased permeability alteration of target site enzymatic inactivtion active transport out of cell amplification of gene coding
increase in dna repair activity can decrease
effectiveness of drugs that target DNA
multidrug resistant results from an increase in
the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of cell
4 essential proceses from single cell to multicellular organism
cell proliferation
cell specialization
cell interaction
cell movement
homeotic genes direct regions to differentiate into
their final forms
genes can have complex expresison patterns by having series of
control regions directing transcription
homeotic genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as
they are expressed in developing embryos (same in fruit flies and humans)
symptoms of oral cancers
patches, mouth sores, bleeding, loose teeth, earache, lump in neck
risk factors for oral cancers
smoking alcohol HPV chronic irritation immunosupressants poor oral hygeine
epithelial cancer
carcinoma (90%)
connective/muscle tissue cancer
sarcoma
hemopoietic cancer
leukemia
protooncogenes
eventually lead to oncogenes thru activation
oncogenes
gene that has potential to cause cancer
tumor supressor gene (antioncogene)
gene that protects cell from a step that leads to cancer
trans
straight
cis
bent
fructose metabolized mainly where
in the liver
Cell stages
M, cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, (G0)
G0
default state, where cell arrests
Interphase
everything outside of mitosis (G1, S, G2)
G stands for
growth
G1
cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes are duplicated. This is where ther eis most variability among cell types
G2
cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes repairs
S
Synthesis: each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated
M
Mitosis (1 hr)
S-M time
12-24 hrs
signaling molecules
hormones, cytokines, growth factors
Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PKT) are often involved in
checkpoint signaling
targets may be intrinsic, meaning
phosphorylates itself
if a target is extrinsic then it phosphorylates
another protein
growth factors signal for
proliferation
oncogenes are mutant signal
transducers
insertion of a retrovirus can cause activation of a
proteooncogene
most common genetic lesion found in human cancer is in
P53
G1 checkpoint
is environment favorable
G2 Checkpoint
is environment favorable and DNA replicated (from S stage)
M checkpoint
chromosomes attached to spindle (metaphase)
human tumors often come from ________ rather than a viral mechanism
point mutations or re arrangement in onco genes
