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Final Biochem > Leys Final > Flashcards

Leys Final Flashcards

1
Q

Factors contributing to state of nutrition

A 
appetite
energy expeniture
genotype
digestion
metabolism
availability of food
customs
disease
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2
Q

3 regulators of food intake

A

leptin

ghrelin and insulin

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3
Q

leptin circulates in the body at levels proportional to

A

body fat

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4
Q

leptin signals the brain that the body has had enough

A

to eat or satiety

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5
Q

adipose tissue produces _____ that regulate _____

A

produces adipokines that regulate metabolic processes to meet the bodys needs

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6
Q

AMP and ATP regulate

A

AMP activated kinase (AMPK)

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7
Q

AMPK regulates

A

rate limiting enzymes in energy pathways

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8
Q

high levels of AMPK ativity inhibit

A

energy UTILZING pathways and stimulate energy GENERATING pathways

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9
Q

increased ghrelin increases

A

appetite

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10
Q

grehlin favors accumulation of ____

A

lips in visceral fatty tissue

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11
Q

estimated average requirements for calories/protein changes with

A

sex and age

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12
Q

calorie intake is equal to

A

calorie utilization in a day

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13
Q

recommended daily allowance (RDA)is adequate for

A

great majority of individuals

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14
Q

estimated average requirement (EAR)

A

is adequate for half the population

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15
Q

fat has the highest ___

A

energy content per weight

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16
Q

alcohol has a high/low energy content

A

high

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17
Q

increase in obesity linked to

A

increase use of high fructose corn syrup

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18
Q

high fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down cornstarch into

A

glucose using amylase

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19
Q

broken down glucose then is converted to fructose with

A

glucose isomerase

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20
Q

health risks associated with high fructose corn syrip

A

mercury, hypertension, cholesterol, long term liver damage, diabetes, obesity

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21
Q

lack of protein results in

A 
decreased protein synthesis
decreased glucose transport
fatty liver
liver necrosis
depression
hypothermia
immune function
decreased cardiac/renal function
loss of muscle
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22
Q

obesity is associated with

A 
type 2
hypertension
stroke
dyslipidemia
gall stones
cancer
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23
Q

trans fatty acids are essentional/not essential

A

not essential, provide no benefit

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24
Q

saturated fats increase levels of LDL/HDL cholesterol

A

LDL (bad cholesterol)

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25
Q

trans fats increase levels of

A

LDL and lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol- increases risk of heart disease)

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26
Q

drug metabolism takes place

A

anywhere in body but mainly liver

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27
Q

3 outcomes of drug metabolism

A
  • increase in drug hydrophilicity
  • metabolic products are less active than substrate drug
  • inactive prodrugs converted to their active forms
28
Q

mechanisms of drug resistance

A 
decreased permeability
alteration of target site
enzymatic inactivtion
active transport out of cell
amplification of gene coding
29
Q

increase in dna repair activity can decrease

A

effectiveness of drugs that target DNA

30
Q

multidrug resistant results from an increase in

A

the amount of transporter proteins that can pump many different drugs out of cell

31
Q

4 essential proceses from single cell to multicellular organism

A

cell proliferation
cell specialization
cell interaction
cell movement

32
Q

homeotic genes direct regions to differentiate into

A

their final forms

33
Q

genes can have complex expresison patterns by having series of

A

control regions directing transcription

34
Q

homeotic genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the same order as

A

they are expressed in developing embryos (same in fruit flies and humans)

35
Q

symptoms of oral cancers

A

patches, mouth sores, bleeding, loose teeth, earache, lump in neck

36
Q

risk factors for oral cancers

A 
smoking
alcohol
HPV
chronic irritation
immunosupressants
poor oral hygeine
37
Q

epithelial cancer

A

carcinoma (90%)

38
Q

connective/muscle tissue cancer

A

sarcoma

39
Q

hemopoietic cancer

A

leukemia

40
Q

protooncogenes

A

eventually lead to oncogenes thru activation

41
Q

oncogenes

A

gene that has potential to cause cancer

42
Q

tumor supressor gene (antioncogene)

A

gene that protects cell from a step that leads to cancer

43
Q

trans

A

straight

44
Q

cis

A

bent

45
Q

fructose metabolized mainly where

A

in the liver

46
Q

Cell stages

A

M, cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, (G0)

47
Q

G0

A

default state, where cell arrests

48
Q

Interphase

A

everything outside of mitosis (G1, S, G2)

49
Q

G stands for

A

growth

50
Q

G1

A

cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes are duplicated. This is where ther eis most variability among cell types

51
Q

G2

A

cell “double checks” the duplicated chromosomes for error and makes repairs

52
Q

S

A

Synthesis: each of the 46 chromosomes is duplicated

53
Q

M

A

Mitosis (1 hr)

54
Q

S-M time

A

12-24 hrs

55
Q

signaling molecules

A

hormones, cytokines, growth factors

56
Q

Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PKT) are often involved in

A

checkpoint signaling

57
Q

targets may be intrinsic, meaning

A

phosphorylates itself

58
Q

if a target is extrinsic then it phosphorylates

A

another protein

59
Q

growth factors signal for

A

proliferation

60
Q

oncogenes are mutant signal

A

transducers

61
Q

insertion of a retrovirus can cause activation of a

A

proteooncogene

62
Q

most common genetic lesion found in human cancer is in

A

P53

63
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

is environment favorable

64
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A

is environment favorable and DNA replicated (from S stage)

65
Q

M checkpoint

A

chromosomes attached to spindle (metaphase)

66
Q

human tumors often come from ________ rather than a viral mechanism

A

point mutations or re arrangement in onco genes

Final Biochem (6 decks)

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