Bartling Guide

Question 1

cellular signal transducttion cassettes detect, amplify and

Answer 1

integrate external signals

Question 2

cellular signal transduction cassettes are compromised of

Answer 2

• specific cell surface membrane receptors
• effector signalling elements
• regulatory proteins

Question 3

Six steps of signalling

Answer 3

1. synthesis
2. release
3. transport
4. binding
5. change
6. removal/termination
7. degradation

Question 4

1st step of signaling

Answer 4

synthesis of signaling molecule

Question 5

2nd step of signaling

Answer 5

release of signaling molecule

Question 6

3rd step of signaling

Answer 6

transport of signaling molecule to target cell

Question 7

4th step of signaling

Answer 7

binding of the ligand by a specific receptor protein and change in comformation

Question 8

5th step of signaling

Answer 8

change in cellular metabolism, function or development (cellular response)

Question 9

6th step of signaling

Answer 9

removal of ligand, terminating cellular response

Question 10

7th step of signaling

Answer 10

degradation of ligand

Question 11

chemical messengers are made by

Answer 11

endocribe cells

Question 12

chemical messengers are secreted into

Answer 12

the blood stream

Question 13

chemical messengers

Answer 13

affect gene expression and protein synthesis

Question 14

autocrine acts on

Answer 14

same cell that secreted them

Question 15

paracrine acts on

Answer 15

other cells

Question 16

types of hormones

Answer 16

• steroids
• amine
• peptide
• polypeptide

Question 17

cholesterol is a

Answer 17

steroid hormone

Question 18

cholesterol precursor

Answer 18

• corticosteroids
• androgens
• estrogens

Question 19

steroid hormones immediately diffuse out of _____ and into _____

Answer 19

out of endocrine cells and into blood stream

Question 20

steroids are _____ solubule

Answer 20

lipid soluble

Question 21

steroids can/cant cross cell membrane

Answer 21

can

Question 22

intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors located where?

Answer 22

inside trget cells

Question 23

steroid hormones have a _____ half life/ ____ acting than peptide hormones

Answer 23

longer/slower

Question 24

amine hormones are derived from

Answer 24

tyrosine or tryptophan

Question 25

amine hormones are stored in______ until secreted

Answer 25

endocrine cells until secreted

Question 26

receptors of amine hormones can be located

Answer 26

on cell surface of intracellular

Question 27

polypeptide hormones are_____ soluble

Answer 27

water soluble

Question 28

polypeptides do or do not pass through cell membrane

Answer 28

do not

Question 29

polypeptide hormones are termed

Answer 29

first messengers as they bind to external receptors

Question 30

second messengers are

Answer 30

internal reactions

Question 31

2 low molecular weight signalling molecules

Answer 31

cAMP or calcium

Question 32

intracellular effects are mediated by

Answer 32

second messengers

Question 33

g protein coupled receptors are

Answer 33

integral membrane proteins (extracellular N terminus)

Question 34

g protein coupled receptors have seven

Answer 34

transmembrane spanning a- helices

Question 35

g protein coupled receptors have three

Answer 35

extracellular and intracellular loops

Question 36

third intracelluular loop recruits

Answer 36

g proteins

Question 37

g proteins have intracellular ______ tail membrane

Answer 37

c- terminal tail membrane

Question 38

g protein has no

Answer 38

intrinsic catalytic domains

Question 39

g protein activates

Answer 39

adenylyl cyclase

Question 40

adenylyl cyclase

Answer 40

converts ATP to cAMP

Question 41

G protein also activates

Answer 41

protein kinases in the cytosol

Question 42

phosphodiesteras inactivates

Answer 42

cAMP (turns off cell response)

Question 43

specificity of g protein conferred by

Answer 43

alpha subunit (which ocntains the GTP binding site and an intrinsic GTPase activity)

Question 44

adenylyl cyclase

Answer 44

activated by alpha subunit of G protein

Question 45

each bound hormone can stimulate

Answer 45

many G alpha subunits that amplifies original hormone signal

Question 46

bacterial toxins that target g proteins

Answer 46

cholera toxin and pertussis toxin

Question 47

cholera toxin

Answer 47

increase in cAMP within intestinal epithelial cells which leads to phosphorylation of Cl- channels and efflux of electrolytes and water

Question 48

cholera toxin results in severe

Answer 48

diarrhea

Question 49

pertussis toxin also called

Answer 49

whooping cough

Question 50

pertussis toxin enhances

Answer 50

cAMP levels that inhibits neutrophil functions

Question 51

tyrosine kinase linked receptors have no intrinsic

Answer 51

enzymatic activity

Question 52

ligand bonding in tyrosine kinase receptors forms a dimer that activates

Answer 52

tyrosine kinases that phosphorylate downstream targets (signal cascade)