Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles of Medical Research > Quality of life > Flashcards

Quality of life Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what must be prioritised

A

interventions with a high health gain per £ spent must be prioritised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

NICE

A

in charge of deciding which treatments are cost effective.

- does not price or pay for technologies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do NICE use

A

cost effectiveness analysis (CEA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CEA

A

cost effective analsysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what will NHS commissioning bodies not fund

A

technologies perceived as poor value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HTA

A

health technology assessmet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where HTA fits in

A

CEA is the COMPARATIVE analysis of alternative courses of action in terms of both cost and consequence of health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

NICE compares

A

different treatments and compares COST and health outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

QALY

A

a currency for health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

QALYs measure

A

overall heath/ effecitveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

two variables QALYs take into consideration

A
  • length of life

- quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

0=

A

dead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

1=

A

full health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

QALY equation

A

life expectancy X Health related quality of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 years in full quality of life=

A

2 x 1.0 = 2 QALY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 years in 50% quality of life=

A

2 x 0.5 = 1 QALY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is HTA concerned with when it comes to QALYs

A

the number accumulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

on a graph QALY

A

time is dependent, HR-QoL is independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the better treatment

A

will have a less steep gradient i.e. longer life expectancy and better QofL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

QALYs gained

A

area under the graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if the lines of the two treatments cross

A

one treatment may give better QoL, but worse life expectancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

utility are measured on a cardinal scale of 0-1

A

0=dead

1= full health

23
Q

Limitation of QALY

A
  • limits in terms of health benefits it can capture
  • blindness towards equity concerns
  • underling theoretical ssusmption
24
Q

what is used to describe HR-QoL

A

EQ-SD questionaire

25
Q

EQ-SD questionnaire

A

i a favoured but generic method.
Patients answer 5 questions, referring to 5 domains of health
-asks about their health on that day

26
Q

EQ-SD and patients in trials

A

in a trial may be asked to do questionnaire at baseline and at find intervals after treatment.

27
Q

different types of QoL questionals

A

VAS, TTO, SG

28
Q

VAS

A

visual analysis scale

29
Q

TTO

A

time trade off

30
Q

SG

A

Standard gambe

31
Q

Visual analysis sacle

A

patient asked to draw line on scale summarising current health

32
Q

benefits of VAS

A

easy to use with high response rate

-choice-less assessment

33
Q

Time trade off

A

evaluated the desirability of living the remainder of ones life in the current health state compared to less time in excellent health
- NICE preferred method

34
Q

Standard gamble

A

involves weighing trade-offs. Measures the preference of individuals under risky situations. Sometimes preferred since patients are asked make decisions involving risk

35
Q

the worst the health state…

A

the higher risk of immediate death in order to avoid it.

36
Q

choice of treatment can be impacted by treatment strategy…

A
  • cost of treatment and administering it
  • cost of hospital care
  • emergency treatment
  • end of life palliation
37
Q

when a patient dies…

A

NHS cost become zero- no more money spent

38
Q

modes must include

A

long term consequential coast as well as obis up from costs of buying

39
Q

interested in the

A

difference in cost between treatment

40
Q

ICER

A

incremental cost effectiveness ratio

41
Q

what is an ICER

A

a conventional statistic used to summarise the results of cost effectiveness studies- allows to compare strategies

42
Q

ICER equation

A

ICER = diff in cost/ diff in QALY

43
Q

worked example of ICER

A

average cost of treatment b- average cost with treatment a/ average QALY of b - average QALY of a

3000-20000/ 4- 2= £500 per QALY gained

44
Q

why is cost and QALY of the current standard treatment always subtracted from the new treatment

A

usually new treatment are most cost effective and increase QoL more

45
Q

if new treatment is found in the NE/ SW box of the ICER graph

A

there is a ‘trade off’ between cot effectiveness e.g. may cost more, but the drug may be more effective and vice versa

46
Q

if new treatment is found in NW box

A
  • more expensive
  • less effective
  • old treatment prefered
47
Q

if new treatment is found in SE box

A

both less expensive and more effective than the control

48
Q

up to how much money per QALY may be justifiable

A

30,000

49
Q

when is 30,000 her quarry justified

A
  • uncertainty surrounding ICER
  • strong reason t suspect the HR-QoL has not captured changed
  • innovative nature of technology
50
Q

high level of uncertainty in models

A

reduces the confidence with which the NICE committee can come to a decision

51
Q

when may a higher cost effectiveness threshold be given to technologies

A

when the technologies are being utilised for end of life care

52
Q

what are the three criteria end of life patients must meet to be allowed a higher cost effectiveness threshold

A

1) life expectancy less than 2 years
2) survival gain of more than 3 months
3) indication for a small patient pop.

53
Q

how the EQ-SD is used for CE

A
  • Patients asked to answer 5 questions referring to 5 domains- 5 digit number generated e.g. 1,2,1,3,1-> used on a linear scoring system OR A Time Tradeoff (TTO)
54
Q

Name four dimensions of the EQ-5D?

A
  • Can you do daily activities
  • Pain
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Mobility
  • Self-care

Principles of Medical Research (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions