Deniers in ethics- more detail

Question 1

research ethics

Answer 1

are well found standards of right and wrong that prescribe what a human ought to do

Question 2

main principles

Answer 2

• respect
• justice
• beneficence
• non-maleficence
• fidelity

Question 3

respect

Answer 3

informed consent, protection for vulnerable populations

- privacy

Question 4

justice

Answer 4

not using vulnerable populations if not useful research to them

• no exploitation
• PPIs

Question 5

non-maleficence

Answer 5

must not be carried out if harm possible (direct or indirect)

Question 6

beneficence

Answer 6

must benefit society

Question 7

fidelity

Answer 7

should be honest, trustworthy an act with integrity- unethical research destroys that trust.
using lit reviews and systemic reviews

Question 8

codes

Answer 8

nuremberg, helsinki, belmont

Question 9

nuremberg

Answer 9

made after WW2- nazi atrocities

Question 10

10 points for nuremburg

Answer 10

1) fruitful to society
2) voluntary consent
3) pre-tested on animals to ensure safety
4) no undue pain or suffering
5) risks don’t outweigh the importance to society
6) adequate facilities
7) scientific person
8) scientist bus the prepared to stop if imminent danger
9) withdrawal allowed at any point
10) no experiment should be carrie bout if thought to cause harm to subject

Question 11

belmont

Answer 11

justice
beneficence
respect

Question 12

helsinki

Answer 12

cornerstone for human research ethics

- forms basis of subsequent documents

Question 13

vulnerable populations

Answer 13

children, mentally impaired, elderly, prisoners, students- those who can be unduly influenced

Question 14

atrocities which have brought about the need for research ethics

Answer 14

• nazi experimentation
• tuskegee
• alder hay
• jewish chronic hospital
• willow brook state school

Question 15

peter duesberg

Answer 15

hypothesised HIV didn’t cause cancer

Question 16

Andrew wakefield

Answer 16

publish a paper suggesting mmr vaccine cured autism

Question 17

main principle son helsinki doc (WMA)

Answer 17

n1) safety
2) protocol
3) ethics committee (independent)
4) medical supervisor
5) risk benefit analysis
6) respect of privacy
7) accuracy of results
8) informed consent
9) not targeting vulnerable populations
10) independent relationship between participant and physician
11) patient must be clear of research boundaries
12) consent
13 ) publication of findings

Question 18

why were nazi experimentations which influenced the making of the nuremberg code unethical (4)

Answer 18

• no consent
• undue suffering
• not fruitful to society
• not safe facilities
• not ended when causing harm
• no withdrawal
• no protocol
• no ethics committee
• vulnerable population
• no animal testing

Question 19

why was alder hay unethical

Answer 19

• no informed consent
• no withdrawal
• no ethics committee
• not fruitful to society
• vulnerable population
• undue suffering - indirect

Question 20

why was tuskegee unethical

Answer 20

• no informed consent
• vulnerable population- unduly influenced
• no withdrawal
• no animal testing
• not ended when causing harm
• no protocol
• undue suffering (penicillin became available)
• not fruitful to society

Question 21

why was wakefields study unethical

Answer 21

• no approval from ethics committee
• invasive procedures without clearances
• scientific misrepresentation
• deliberate fraud- picked and choose data that suited their case
• falsifying facts for financial gain

Question 22

wakefield study

Answer 22

based on 12 children who had been referred to his clinic by sympathetic doctors.
- did he recruit them for his study or for treatment?

Question 23

how could wakefield study have been improved

Answer 23

• larger sample size
• participants should be self inroled
• conflict of interest should have been declared
• less invasive techniques
• ethics committee approval
• not falsifying data