Deniers in ethics- more detail Flashcards
research ethics
are well found standards of right and wrong that prescribe what a human ought to do
main principles
- respect
- justice
- beneficence
- non-maleficence
- fidelity
respect
informed consent, protection for vulnerable populations
- privacy
justice
not using vulnerable populations if not useful research to them
- no exploitation
- PPIs
non-maleficence
must not be carried out if harm possible (direct or indirect)
beneficence
must benefit society
fidelity
should be honest, trustworthy an act with integrity- unethical research destroys that trust.
using lit reviews and systemic reviews
codes
nuremberg, helsinki, belmont
nuremberg
made after WW2- nazi atrocities
10 points for nuremburg
1) fruitful to society
2) voluntary consent
3) pre-tested on animals to ensure safety
4) no undue pain or suffering
5) risks don’t outweigh the importance to society
6) adequate facilities
7) scientific person
8) scientist bus the prepared to stop if imminent danger
9) withdrawal allowed at any point
10) no experiment should be carrie bout if thought to cause harm to subject
belmont
justice
beneficence
respect
helsinki
cornerstone for human research ethics
- forms basis of subsequent documents
vulnerable populations
children, mentally impaired, elderly, prisoners, students- those who can be unduly influenced
atrocities which have brought about the need for research ethics
- nazi experimentation
- tuskegee
- alder hay
- jewish chronic hospital
- willow brook state school
peter duesberg
hypothesised HIV didn’t cause cancer
Andrew wakefield
publish a paper suggesting mmr vaccine cured autism
main principle son helsinki doc (WMA)
n1) safety
2) protocol
3) ethics committee (independent)
4) medical supervisor
5) risk benefit analysis
6) respect of privacy
7) accuracy of results
8) informed consent
9) not targeting vulnerable populations
10) independent relationship between participant and physician
11) patient must be clear of research boundaries
12) consent
13 ) publication of findings
why were nazi experimentations which influenced the making of the nuremberg code unethical (4)
- no consent
- undue suffering
- not fruitful to society
- not safe facilities
- not ended when causing harm
- no withdrawal
- no protocol
- no ethics committee
- vulnerable population
- no animal testing
why was alder hay unethical
- no informed consent
- no withdrawal
- no ethics committee
- not fruitful to society
- vulnerable population
- undue suffering - indirect
why was tuskegee unethical
- no informed consent
- vulnerable population- unduly influenced
- no withdrawal
- no animal testing
- not ended when causing harm
- no protocol
- undue suffering (penicillin became available)
- not fruitful to society
why was wakefields study unethical
- no approval from ethics committee
- invasive procedures without clearances
- scientific misrepresentation
- deliberate fraud- picked and choose data that suited their case
- falsifying facts for financial gain
wakefield study
based on 12 children who had been referred to his clinic by sympathetic doctors.
- did he recruit them for his study or for treatment?
how could wakefield study have been improved
- larger sample size
- participants should be self inroled
- conflict of interest should have been declared
- less invasive techniques
- ethics committee approval
- not falsifying data
