last min

Question 1

assay

Answer 1

a method to analyse or quantify a particular biomarker of a sample

Question 2

a test

Answer 2

the use of a specific assay within a specific context

Question 3

screen

Answer 3

the use of a specific assay used to test for disease in healthy people

Question 4

Helsinki extras to nuremberg

Answer 4

protocol
no vulnerable population
publish data
withdrawal
ETHICS COMMITTEE
INFORMED CONSENT
INDEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPANT AND PHYSICIAN
PATIENT CLEAR OF RESEARCH BOUNDARIES

Question 5

hypothesis

Answer 5

a tentative and testable answer to a scientific question

Question 6

why cant case control be used to calculate risk

Answer 6

due to the entire at risk population not being included

Question 7

case-control use

Answer 7

odds

Question 8

cohort study is the best study to

Answer 8

record effect of suspected risk factor

Question 9

due to randomisation which reduces confounding

Answer 9

it can be assumed that outcomes are due to the intervention

Question 10

confounding variables

Answer 10

is an outside influence that changes the effect of a dependent and independent variable.

Question 11

paradigm shift

Answer 11

new evidence which contradicts the current paradigm

Question 12

what can influence rational drug design

Answer 12

knowledge of the disease

• can give scientists a focus for the drug
• save time and money

Question 13

monogenic

Answer 13

single gene defect e.g. CF

Question 14

polygenic

Answer 14

environmental and genetic influenced e.g. not guaranteed to get it

Question 15

linkage

Answer 15

a measure of how resistant to recombination a genetic marker and phenotype are

i.e. the closer the genes are on the chromosome the more likely they are to be cross over together

Question 16

randomisation

Answer 16

based on chance participants are equally likely to be assigned to the control or intervention group

Question 17

what does randomisation do

Answer 17

reduce the impact of confounding

Question 18

how does randomisation reduce confounding

Answer 18

reduces differences between groups by equally distributing people with specific characteristics among all trial arms

Question 19

how does randomisation reduce bias

Answer 19

by reducing bias associated with patient and investigator expectations

Question 20

blinding

Answer 20

this means that neither the participant, managers of the trial, data collectors or researchers are aware what treatment arm the participant is in

• means researchers not influenced by knowledge of the participants intervention

Question 21

bias

Answer 21

a process where scientists who are performing the study influence the results in order to portray certain otucomes

Question 22

Intention to treat

Answer 22

means that participants are always analysed in the way they were intended to be

e.g. if they cross over- still analysed as part of the original group

Question 23

ITT reduces the effect of

Answer 23

confounding

• maintain composition of groups
• reduce confounding due to difference in baseline characteristics

Question 24

QALY

Answer 24

life expectancy x HR-QOL

Question 25

HR-QOL

Answer 25

EQ:5D
standard gamble
TTO
visual analogous

Question 26

EQ:5D

Answer 26

mobility
usual activities
self care
pain/discomfort
depression/anxiety

Question 27

ICER

Answer 27

incremental cost effectiveness ratio

Question 28

ICER=

Answer 28

cost treatment A- cost treatment B/ QALYs A- QALYs B

Question 29

threshold per QALY

Answer 29

20,000- will pay up to 30,000