Quality Management

Question 1

What is a comprehensive set of policies, procedures, and practices followed to ensure that laboratory results are reliable, including record keeping, maintenance, and proficiency testing?

Answer 1

Quality Assurance

Question 2

What is the most widely used approach to quality improvement in healthcare that involves corrective action, procedures, implementation, and feedback?

Answer 2

PDCA (Deming cycle)

Question 3

What is the management philosophy and process for improving quality in all aspects of work, focusing on patient satisfaction?

Answer 3

Total Quality Management

Question 4

What statistical approach is used to reduce errors, reduce standard deviations, and improve precision by measuring the number of DPMOs?

Answer 4

Six Sigma

Question 5

What method is applied in clinical laboratories to reduce test errors and involves the steps: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control?

Answer 5

DMAIC (Six Sigma)

Question 6

What approach is designed to reduce waste, increase efficiency, and improve customer satisfaction by addressing various types of waste like defects, overproduction, and waiting?

Answer 6

Lean

Question 7

What level in Lean-Six Sigma requires at least 2 years of experience and involves mastering the methodology?

Answer 7

Master Black Belt

Question 8

What Lean-Six Sigma belt involves team leaders who dedicate up to 100% of their time to quality improvement projects?

Answer 8

Black Belt

Question 9

What Lean-Six Sigma belt involves team members who contribute about 20% of their time to quality improvement projects while still performing their regular job functions?

Answer 9

Green Belt

Question 10

What Lean-Six Sigma belt understands the basics of the methodology but does not lead projects?

Answer 10

Yellow Belt

Question 11

What is the quality management system specifically developed for clinical laboratories, mandatory in some countries?

Answer 11

ISO 15189

Question 12

What program embodies all concepts of the management process and bases success or failure on how well employees understand the company’s mission and objectives?

Answer 12

Management by Objective

Question 13

What process involves modifying the best practices from one organization to fit similar processes in another organization?

Answer 13

Benchmarking

Question 14

What quality tool helps visualize the distribution of data to identify the most significant factors in a set of data?

Answer 14

Pareto chart

Question 15

What quality tool, also known as the Ishikawa diagram, identifies and organizes potential causes of problems?

Answer 15

Cause-and-effect diagram

Question 16

What quality tool shows the steps of a process in a sequential flow, helping to understand how a process works?

Answer 16

Flow chart

Question 17

What quality tool displays the frequency distribution of a dataset as bars, helping to identify patterns or trends?

Answer 17

Histogram

Question 18

What quality tool is used to monitor a process over time, displaying data points in relation to control limits?

Answer 18

Control chart

Question 19

What quality tool helps determine the relationship between two variables, showing if they are positively correlated?

Answer 19

Scatter diagram

Question 20

What quality tool is used to record the frequency of events or issues, providing real-time data for analysis?

Answer 20

Check sheet

Question 21

What type of performance appraisal error occurs when the evaluator gives average ratings to all employees, avoiding extremes?

Answer 21

Error of central tendency

Question 22

What performance appraisal error happens when an employee is rated higher or lower based on comparison with other employees?

Answer 22

Contrast error

Question 23

What performance appraisal error happens when an evaluator gives high ratings to all employees, regardless of actual performance?

Answer 23

Error of leniency

Question 24

What performance appraisal error involves an overall positive or negative impression of an employee affecting the evaluation of individual traits?

Answer 24

Halo effect

Question 25

What performance appraisal error happens when a negative impression of an employee affects the evaluation of individual traits?

Answer 25

Reverse halo effect

Question 26

What performance appraisal error involves giving too much weight to recent events or performance in the evaluation?

Answer 26

Recency phenomenon

Question 27

What refers to written information regarding procedures, processes, and policies in the clinical laboratory, which must be updated regularly?

Answer 27

Documents

Question 28

What refers to collected information produced by the laboratory during tests, which is permanent and can be easily retrieved?

Answer 28

Records

Question 29

What is a template used for forecasting revenue and expenses for an organization, prepared in phases?

Answer 29

Budget

Question 30

What are the four phases in the preparation of a budget?

Answer 30

1. Development of goals, 2. Budget assumptions, 3. Forecast of expenses, 4. Monitoring

Question 31

What type of cost is directly associated with producing test results?

Answer 31

Direct cost

Question 32

What type of cost indirectly contributes to producing laboratory tests?

Answer 32

Indirect cost

Question 33

What type of cost remains the same month to month, no matter how many tests are produced?

Answer 33

Fixed cost

Question 34

What type of cost changes with the amount of work performed or the number of tests conducted?

Answer 34

Variable cost

Question 35

What type of cost focuses on measuring and controlling the costs of poor quality, which includes prevention, appraisal, internal and external failure costs?

Answer 35

Quality costs

Question 36

What is the system that handles all informational needs of a laboratory, from intake of requests to the delivery of results?

Answer 36

Laboratory Information System

Question 37

What does hardware refer to in the context of a Laboratory Information System?

Answer 37

Physical pieces of the equipment

Question 38

What are examples of hardware components in a computer system?

Answer 38

CPU, RAM, ROM, Hard drive, Disk drive, Optical disk, Peripheral devices

Question 39

What is software in the context of a Laboratory Information System?

Answer 39

Set of instructions written in computer language that tells how to operate and manipulate the data

Question 40

What are the types of software in a Laboratory Information System?

Answer 40

1. Operating system software, 2. Application software, 3. Database, 4. Browsers

Question 41

What is the role of an operating system in a Laboratory Information System?

Answer 41

Manages hardware and software resources, and provides an interface for user interaction