qualifiers

Question 1

> 2/3 recognizable plant tissue

Answer 1

fibric

Question 2

hemic

Answer 2

<2/3 recofnisablie plant tissue & > 1/6 recognizable plant tissue (medium)

Question 3

<1/6 recognizable plant tissue

Answer 3

sapric

Question 4

base saturation higher then 50%

Answer 4

eutric

Question 5

base saturation lower then 50%

Answer 5

dystric

Question 6

by adding organic material such as excrements and kitchen refuse mixed into the
natural soil; high animal activity; result deep cultivation, intensive fertilization & applicationn organic waste

Answer 6

hortic

Question 7

by adding organic material such as charcoal, ash, plant residues, bones & kitchen refuse; limited animal activity (Terra Preta de Indio = Amazon dark earths)

Answer 7

pretic

Question 8

by adding and mixing mineral material such as carbonate rich sea sand or limnic sediments into the natural soil; cultivation in raised beds

Answer 8

terric

Question 9

by adding sods of grass/herbs/shrubs taken from other places, mixed with manure and ash; mainly in sandy soils

Answer 9

plaggic

Question 10

by accumulation of sediments from irrigation water; pronounced higher silt and clay content in topsoil (irrigated)

Answer 10

irragric

Question 11

soils under paddy cultivation; relative dense pan allowing water to transport reduced Fe and Mn to the subsoil (rainfed)

Answer 11

hydragric

Question 12

soils under paddy cultivation; puddling under waterlogged conditions creates dense plough pan allowing irrigation water to stagnate (rainfed)

Answer 12

anthraquic

Question 13

without contact with other soils/ fine earth fraction

Answer 13

isolatic

Question 14

perenniaally frozen layer (visible ice or, if not enough water, <0°C)

Answer 14

cryic

Question 15

unfrozen (noncryotic) soil and rock

Answer 15

talik

Question 16

massive body of ground ice, leads to deformation of the ocerlying soil an rock

Answer 16

pingo

Question 17

subsurface layer with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying layer and/or presence of illuvial clay; high content of exchangeable Na+

Answer 17

natric

Question 18

stagnant water for a period long enough to let reducing conditions occur

Answer 18

stagnic

Question 19

polished and grooved aggregate surfaces

Answer 19

slickensides

Question 20

constant churning; cracks that open and close periodically

Answer 20

peloturbation

Question 21

hearing of the underlying material to the surface creating a micro relief

Answer 21

gilgai relief

Question 22

if >=5% glasses in sand and coarse silt fractions; lower degree of weathering; glassy aggregates & other glass coated primary minerals

Answer 22

vitric

Question 23

active Al and Fe materials, having the lowest bulk density
(≤ 0.9 kg.dm-³) among mineral soils, high anion exchange capacity, high contents of organic matter and ferrihydrite and high plant-available water capacity.

Answer 23

andic

Question 24

precursor of iron oxides

Answer 24

ferrihydrite

Question 25

allophanes, imogolite minerals; acid to neutral (andosol); lighter colour; on rhyolitic to andesitic tephra

Answer 25

silandic

Question 26

al-humus complexes; extremely acid to acid; blackish colour (andosol); on basaltic tephra

Answer 26

aluandic

Question 27

subsoil horizon where organomineral complexes have been accumulating. This is as a consequence of strong acidity dus to intruding of organic acids of the surface layer. Organic matter in upper part & Fe oxides spread over a higher depth range.

Answer 27

spodic

Question 28

light colored material due to eluviation in the horizon

Answer 28

albic

Question 29

soft horizon with concretions of Fe oxides

Answer 29

plinthic

Question 30

horizon consisting of hard concretions (nodules) of Fe oxides

Answer 30

pisoplinthic

Question 31

horizon that is a continuous hard layer due to Fe oxides

Answer 31

petroplinthic

Question 32

an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay with quartz and other constituents that changes irreversibly to a hardpan or to irregular aggregates on exposure to repeated wetting and drying.

Answer 32

plinthite

Question 33

removal of Na+ from exchange sites and subsequent dispersal and leaching

Answer 33

solodization

Question 34

hydromorphic soil forming process, reduction and oxidation phase; process can lead to clay mineral transformation

Answer 34

ferrolysis