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SOILS > deck2 > Flashcards

deck2 Flashcards

1
Q

paddy soils: The layer comprising the puddled layer and the plough pan, both showing a reduced matrix and oxidized root channels.

A

anthraquic horizon

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2
Q

It is dark, has a high content of organic matter and phosphorus (P), high animal activity, and high base saturation. Resulting from long-term cultivation, fertilization and application
of organic residues

A

hortic horizon

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3
Q

paddy soils: The layer below the anthraquic horizon showing redoximorphic features and/or an accumulation of iron (Fe) and/or manganese (Mn).

A

hydragric horizon

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4
Q

A uniformly textured layer with at least moderate content of organic matter and high animal activity, gradually built up by sediment-rich irrigation water.

A

irragric horizon

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5
Q

A dark layer with at least moderate content of organic matter, sandy or loamy. Resulting from application of sods and excrements

A

plaggic horizon

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6
Q

A dark layer with at least moderate content of organic matter and phosphorus (P), high contents of exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) with black carbon, including Amazonian Dark Earths.

A

pretic horizon

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7
Q

It shows evidence of the addition of substantially different material, with at least moderate content of organic matter and high base saturation. resulting from adding mineral material (with or without organic residues) and cultivation

A

terric horizon

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8
Q

A horizon with an accumulation of secondary carbonates that are not continuously cemented.

A

calcic horizon

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9
Q

A horizon that is perennially frozen, showing visible ice or temperatures below 0°C if water is insufficient.

A

cryic horizon

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10
Q

A horizon with high amounts of readily soluble salts.

A

salic horizon

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11
Q

A horizon with sulfuric acid and a very low pH value.

A

thionic horizon

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12
Q

An organic layer that is not water-saturated and not drained.

A

folic horizon

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13
Q

An organic layer that is water-saturated or drained.

A

histic horizon

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14
Q

A thick, very dark-coloured horizon with high base saturation, moderate to high content of organic matter, and well-developed soil structure or structural elements created by agricultural practices, high animal activiy (special case of mollic horizon)

A

chernic horizon

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15
Q

A thick, dark-coloured horizon with high base saturation and moderate to high content of organic matter, with at least some soil structure or structural elements created by agricultural practices.

A

mollic horizon

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16
Q

A thick, dark-coloured horizon with low base saturation and moderate to high content of organic matter, with at least some soil structure or structural elements created by agricultural practices.

A

umbric horizon

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17
Q

A subsurface layer with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying layer, without a lithic discontinuity and/or presence of illuvial clay minerals(with or without a lithic discontinuity).

A

argic horizon

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18
Q

A horizon with concretions or nodules cemented by secondary silica, and/or remnants of a broken-up petroduric horizon.

A

duric horizon

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19
Q

A horizon containing ≥ 5% reddish to blackish concretions and/or nodules and/or ≥ 15% reddish to blackish coarse masses, with accumulation of Fe (and Mn) oxides.

A

ferric horizon

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20
Q

A horizon with an accumulation of secondary gypsum that is not continuously cemented.

A

gypsic horizon

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21
Q

A horizon with accumulation of Fe and/or Mn oxides in a layer that has or had gleyic properties; at least partially cemented

A

limonic horizon

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22
Q

A subsurface layer with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying layer, without a lithic discontinuity and/or presence of illuvial clay minerals (with or without a lithic discontinuity); high content of exchangeable Na

A

natric horizon

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23
Q

A horizon with an accumulation of secondary carbonates that are relatively continuously cemented.

A

petrocalcic horizon

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24
Q

A horizon with an accumulation of secondary silica that is relatively continuously cemented.

A

petroduric horizon

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25
Q

A horizon with an accumulation of secondary gypsum that is relatively continuously cemented.

A

petrogypsic horizon

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26
Q

A horizon consisting of oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are at least partially interconnected and have a yellowish, reddish and/or blackish colour. relatively continuously cemented

A

petroplinthic horizon

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27
Q

A horizon with ≥ 40% at least moderately cemented yellowish, reddish, and/or blackish concretions and/or nodules, with accumulation of Fe oxides and/or remnants
of a broken-up petroplinthic horizon.

A

pisoplinthic horizon

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28
Q

A horizon that has in ≥ 15% of its exposed area oximorphic features inside (former) soil aggregates that are black or have a redder hue and a higher chroma than the surrounding material, high contents of Fe oxides, at least in the oximorphic features; not continuously cemented

A

plinthic horizon

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29
Q

A subsurface accumulation of organic matter other than in spodic or natric horizons, not a buried surface horizon

A

sombric horizon

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30
Q

A subsurface accumulation of aluminum (Al) with iron (Fe) and/or organic matter.

A

spodic horizon

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31
Q

A horizon with lateral accumulation of Fe, usually derived from Planosols and Stagnosols further upslope.

A

tsitelic horizon

32
Q

A light-coloured horizon with loss of coloured substances (e.g. oxides, organic matter) due to soil-forming processes.

A

albic horizon

33
Q

A horizon showing evidence of soil-forming processes, not meeting the criteria of diagnostic horizons that indicate stronger alteration or accumulation processes.

A

cambic horizon

34
Q

A horizon with massive or subangular blocky structure, restricted root penetration, normally free drainage, rich in kaolinite, and poor in organic matter.

A

cohesic horizon

35
Q

A strongly weathered horizon dominated by kaolinites and oxides.

A

ferralic horizon

36
Q

A horizon with large soil aggregates where roots and percolating water penetrate the soil only in between these aggregates, nor to only partially cemented

A

fragic horizon

37
Q

A horizon rich in clay minerals and Fe oxides, with moderate to strong structure and shiny soil aggregate surfaces.

A

nitic horizon

38
Q

A buried mineral surface horizon with a significant content of organic matter.

A

panpaic horizon

39
Q

A horizon influenced by swelling and shrinking clay minerals.

A

protovertic horizon

40
Q

A horizon dominated by swelling and shrinking clay minerals.

A

vertic horizon

41
Q

Fine-textured surface crust with a platy or massive structure; under arid condtions in flooded soils

A

takyric properties

42
Q

A combination of desert features: desert pavement, varnishing, ventifacts, vesicular pores, and platy structure.

A

yermic properties

43
Q

A very sharp increase in clay content within a limited depth range.

A

abrupt textural difference

44
Q

Interfingering of coarser-textured and lighter-coloured material into an argic horizon forming vertically continuous tongues (special case of retic
properties).

A

albeluvic glossae

45
Q

Differences in parent material.

A

lithic discontinuity

46
Q

Interfingering of coarser-textured and lighter-coloured material into an argic or natric horizon.

A

retic properties

47
Q

Short-range-order minerals and/or organo-metallic complexes.

A

andic properties

48
Q

Applying to soils with mollic or umbric horizons, if the mollic or umbric horizon is created or substantially transformed by humans.

A

anthric properties

49
Q

Consolidated material excluding cemented pedogenic horizons.

A

continuous rock

50
Q

Saturated with flowing or upwards moving groundwater (or upwards moving gases), permanently or long enough for reducing conditions to occur.

A

gleyic properties

51
Q

Carbonates derived from the soil solution and precipitated in the soil (secondary carbonates), less pronounced than in calcic or petrocalcic horizons.

A

protocalcic properties

52
Q

Gypsum derived from the soil solution and precipitated in the soil (secondary gypsum), less pronounced than in gypsic or petrogypsic horizons.

A

protogypsic properties

53
Q

Low redox potential (rH value) and/or presence of sulfide, methane, or reduced iron (Fe).

A

reducing conditions

54
Q

Cracks that open and close due to the swelling and shrinking of clay minerals.

A

shrink-swell cracks

55
Q

Properties indicating relatively low cation exchange capacity (CEC).

A

sideralic properties

56
Q

Saturated with surface water (or intruding liquids), at least temporarily, long enough for reducing conditions to occur.

A

stagnic properties

57
Q

Properties indicating ≥ 5% (by grain count) of volcanic glasses and related materials, containing a limited amount of short-range-order minerals and/or organo-metallic complexes.

A

vitric properties

58
Q

< 20% soil organic carbon and < 35% (by volume) organic artefacts.

A

mineral material

59
Q

Material developed from water-saturated organic material after drainage. 8 - 20% soil
organic carbon

A

mulmic material

60
Q

Material with ≥ 20% soil organic carbon.

A

organic material

61
Q

Material with < 20% soil organic carbon and ≥ 35% (by volume) organic artefacts.

A

organotechnic material

62
Q

Organic carbon that does not meet the diagnostic criteria of artefacts.

A

soil organic carbon

63
Q

Light-coloured fine earth, expressed by high Munsell value and low chroma.

A

claric material

64
Q

Materials created, substantially modified, or brought to the surface by humans

A

artefacts

65
Q

Hard material that is consolidated and relatively continuous, resulting from an industrial process.

A

technic hard material

66
Q

Material sedimented by wind.

A

aeolic material

67
Q

Material with ≥ 2% calcium carbonate equivalent, at least partially inherited from the parent material.

A

calcaric material

68
Q

Material with ≥ 2% of a mineral that has a ratio of CaCO3/MgCO3 < 1.5.

A

dolomitic material

69
Q

Material from fluviatile, marine, or lacustrine deposits with evident stratification.

A

fluvic material

70
Q

Material with ≥ 5% gypsum, at least partially inherited from the parent material.

A

gypsiric material

71
Q

Material containing sulfides and capable of severe acidification.

A

hypersulfidic material

72
Q

Material containing sulfides and not capable of severe acidification.

A

hyposulfidic material

73
Q

Material deposited in water by precipitation (possibly with sedimentation), or derived from algae or aquatic plants with subsequent transport or modification by aquatic animals or microorganisms.

A

limnic material

74
Q

Material from excrements or remnants of birds or bird activity.

A

ornithogenic material

75
Q

A heterogeneous mixture that has moved down a slope, suspended in water

A

solimovic material

76
Q

Material with ≥ 30% (by grain count) volcanic glass and related materials.

A

tephric material

SOILS (7 decks)

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