QC/QA

Question 1

A measure of tendency. It is associated with symmetrical or normal distribution

Answer 1

Arithmetic Value

Question 2

Other name for Arithmetic Value

Answer 2

Mean or Average (x)

Question 3

A measure of dispersion of values from the mean. It helps describe the normal curve. A measure of the distribution range. It is the most frequently used measure of variation

Answer 3

Standard Deviation (SD)

Question 4

A percentile expression of the mean; index of precision

Answer 4

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

Question 5

Called the standard deviation squared; a measure of variability. It represents the difference between each value and the average of the data

Answer 5

Variance (V)

Question 6

Called the standard deviation squared; a measure of variability. It represents the difference between each value and the average of the data

Answer 6

Variance (V)

Question 7

Are errors encountered in the collection, preparation and measurement of samples including transcription and releasing of laboratory results

Answer 7

Variations

Question 8

3 Types of Error

Answer 8

1. Random Error
2. Systematic Error
3. Clerical Error

Question 9

-Random errors may be caused by variations in technique
-Error varies from sample to sample
-Causes include instrument instability, temperature variations, reagent variation, handling techniques, and operator variables

Answer 9

RANDOM ERROR

Question 10

-Error always in one direction (may be constant or proportional).
-may be due to several factors, including poorly made standards, reagents, instrumentation problems, poorly written procedures, or inadequate staff training.

Answer 10

SYSTEMATIC ERROR

Question 11

Another reason for outliers in method comparison studies and in daily practice is mistakes (sometimes termed blunders) or clerical errors. elements. In the past, this type of error usually arose in relation to manual transfer of results. Today, this kind of error typically is related to computer errors originating at interfaces between computer systems. Errors on test order forms or errors related to handling of order forms appear to occur relatively frequently (1% to 5% of recorded cases have been revealed in systematic studies). In the postanalytical phase, inappropriate interpretation may take place (e.g., in relation to erroneous reference intervals).

Answer 11

CLERICAL ERROR

Question 12

TWO VARIATIONS- SYSTEMATIC ERROR

Answer 12

1. CONSTANT ERROR
2. PROPORTIONAL ERROR

Question 13

exists when there is a continual difference between the test method and the comparative method values, regardless of the concentration

Answer 13

CONSTANT ERROR

Question 14

exists when the differences between the test method and the comparative method values are proportional to the analyte concentration

Answer 14

PROPORTIONAL ERROR

Question 15

Most Commonly used chart for QC recording

Answer 15

Shewhart-Levey Jennings Chart

Question 16

It will group any series of measurement in the same sample in a cluster around the mean in a bell shaped curve

Answer 16

Gaussian Curve

Question 17

Plotted with the accumulated differences from the mean of individual values with the middle value being zero

Answer 17

Cumulative Sum Graph

Question 18

-With x and y axis
-A 2-mean chart drawn at right angles to one another with the one set of values on one axis another set of values on the other axis

Answer 18

Youden Plot

Question 19

It is formed by control values that either increase or decrease for six consecutive days

Answer 19

Trend

Question 20

It is formed by control values that distribute themselves on one side or either side of the mean for consecutive days

Answer 20

Shift

Question 21

These are control values that are far from the main set of values. Highly deviating values. Caused by random and systematic errors

Answer 21

Outliers

Question 22

What are the two interpretation of results

Answer 22

1. In Control
2. Out of Control

Question 23

a set of control and patient specimens assayed, evaluated and reported together

Answer 23

ANALYTICAL RUN

Question 24

most commonly used patient based-QC technique, the difference between two consecutive measurements of the same analytes on the same individual

Answer 24

DELTA CHECK

Question 25

used to measure systematic errors or inaccuracy caused by substances other than the analyte.

Answer 25

INTERFERENCE EXPERIMENTS-

Question 26

the concentration range over which the measured concentration is equal to the actual concentration without modification of the method

Answer 26

LINEAR/DYNAMIC RANGE

Question 27

the absurd value, helps detect sample contamination or dilution, inadequate sample volume, inadequate reagent volumes, sudden major problems with the method, or incorrect recording or transmission

Answer 27

PHYSIOLOGIC LIMIT

Question 28

It includes effective test request forms, clear instruction for patient preparation and specimen handling, appropriate turn-around time for specimen processing, testing and result reporting, appropriate reference ranges and intelligent result reports

Answer 28

QUALITY PATIENT CARE

Question 29

it is a value obtained by observation or measurement of a particular type of quantity on a reference individual

Answer 29

REFERENCE RANGE

Question 30

is the ability of an analytical method to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagents and personnel may change.

Answer 30

RELIABILITY

Question 31

is the ability of the analytical method to detect the proportion of individuals with the disease.

Answer 31

DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY

Question 32

is the ability of the analytical method to detect the proportion of individuals without the
disease.

Answer 32

DIAGNOSTIC SPECIFICITY