lipids

Question 1

-building blocks of lipids
-hydrocarbon chains with a terminal coo-groups

Answer 1

Fatty Acids

Question 2

-3 fatty acids molecules attached to one molecule of glycerol by ester bonds
-serves as main storage form of energy, insulator, shock absorber and integral part of cell membrane

Answer 2

TRYGLYCERIDES

Question 3

-Similar to tryglycerides except that the third position on the glycerol backbone contaons a phospholipids head group
-contains polar and non-polar end
-constituent of cell membrane

Answer 3

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

Question 4

Serve as part of cell membranes and as parent chain of cholesterol based hormones, e.g aldosterone, cortisol and the sex hormones
Exists in forms

Answer 4

CHOLESTEROL

Question 5

App. 70% of TC

Answer 5

Cholesterol esters

Question 6

app. 30% TC

Answer 6

Free Cholesterol

Question 7

GENERAL LIPOPROTEIN STRUCTURE: Typical _________ in shape with sizes ranging from 10-1200 nm

Answer 7

SPHERICAL

Question 8

GENERAL LIPOPROTEIN STRUCTURE: composed of lipids and proteins, called ______________

Answer 8

APOLIPOPROTEINS

Question 9

GENERAL LIPOPROTEIN STRUCTURE: the various lipoproteins were originally separated through ______________

Answer 9

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

Question 10

-located on the structure of lipoprotein particles
-maintain structural integrity of lipoproteins
-serves as ligands for cell receptors

Answer 10

APOLIPOPROTEINS

Question 11

TYPES OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS:
2nd largest, 2nd least dense
2nd highest TAG content
causes fasting hyperlipidemic turbidity

FUNCTION
transports endogenous (hepatic) tryglycerides

Answer 11

VLDL

Question 12

TYPES OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS:
produced by the lipolysis of VLDL
small lipoprotein
directly related to risk of Coronary Heart disease
highest cholesterol content

FUNCTION
transport the Cholesterol to peripheral tissue

Answer 12

LDL-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

Question 13

TYPES OF MAJOR LIPOPROTEINS:
Smallest, but densest
highest protein content

FUNCTION
Reverse transport cholesterol

Answer 13

HDL-HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN

Question 14

MINOR/ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS:
also known as FLOATING BETA-LIPOPROTEIN
seen in familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

Answer 14

BETA-VLDL

Question 15

MINOR/ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS:
also known as sinking pre-beta lipoproteinemia
LDL-like particle

Answer 15

LP (A)

Question 16

MINOR/ABNORMAL LIPOPROTEINS:
seen in biliary cholestasis, familial LCAT deficiency

Answer 16

LPX

Question 17

BETA-VLDL is also known as?

Answer 17

FLOATING BETA-LIPOPROTEIN

Question 18

SPECIMEN CONSIDERATION:
Fasting = _____ hrs

Answer 18

12 HOURS

Question 19

CHOLESTEROL MEASUREMENTS:
Definitive method

Answer 19

ISOTOPE DILUTION MASS SPECTROMETRY (IDMS)

Question 20

glacial acetic acid
sulfuric acid
acetic anhydride

Answer 20

LIEBERMANN-BURCHARD REAGENT

Question 21

TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENTS:
Hydrolysis of glycerol is accomplished using alcoholic KOH
Oxidation of glycerol by periodic acid, forming formaldehyde and formic acid
Formaldehyde combines with a variety of reagents:

Answer 21

CHEMICAL METHOD

Question 22

TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENTS:
New reference method for triglyceride measurements, involve the hydrolysis of fatty acids on triglycerides and the measurement of glycerol.

Answer 22

GC-MS METHOD

Question 23

LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS:
Range in density observed among lipoprotein classes is a function of lipid and protein content and enables fractionation by density using centrifugation.

Answer 23

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

Question 24

LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS:
Takes advantage of difference in size and change

Answer 24

ELECTROPHORESIS

Question 25

LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS:
Depends on particle size, charge and differences in the apolipoprotein content; primarily used in research labs only
Uses polyanions (heparin sulfate, dextran sulfate and phosphotungstate) and divalent cations such as magnesium, calcium and manganese e.g. HDL - dextran sulfate + magnesium

Answer 25

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION

Question 26

LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS:
Uses antibodies specific to apolipoproteins to bind and separate lipoprotein classes.

Answer 26

IMMUNOASSAYS

Question 27

LIPOPROTEIN MEASUREMENTS:
Takes advantages of size differences in molecular sieving methods or composition in affinity methods e.g. gel chromatography or affinity chromatography.

Answer 27

CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS

Question 28

SUMMARY OF TEST AND END COLOR:
Liebermann-Burchardt reaction
end color - Cholestadienyl Monosulfonic Acid

Answer 28

GREEN COLOR

Question 29

SUMMARY OF TEST AND END COLOR:
Salkowski Reaction
end color - Cholestadienyl Disulfonic Acid

Answer 29

RED COLOR

Question 30

SUMMARY OF TEST AND END COLOR:
Abell, Levey and Brodie Mtd.

Answer 30

GREEN COLOR

Question 31

SUMMARY OF TEST AND END COLOR:
Van Handel and Zilversmith Mtd

Answer 31

BLUE COLOR COMPOUND

Question 32

(LDL-Cholesterol) = (total Cholesterol) - (HDL-C) - (Plasma TAG) / _______

Answer 32

2.175

Question 33

(LDL-Cholesterol) = (total Cholesterol) - (HDL-C) - (Plasma TAG) / 2.175

Answer 33

FRIEDWALD CALCULATION

Question 34

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
A narrowing and hardening of the arteries, caused by plaque formation, leading to reduced circulation.

Answer 34

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Question 35

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
It is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by defective or deficient LDL receptors

Answer 35

FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA (TYPE 2A)

Question 36

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS: Involves accumulation of plasma VLDL rich in cholesterol

Answer 36

FAMILIAL DYSBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA (TYPE 3 HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA)

Question 37

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
(Basses-Kornzweig Syndrome) defective apo B synthesis
Characterized by cerebellar ataxia, acanthocytosis, fat malabsorption

Answer 37

ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

Question 38

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
It is due to apo-B deficiency resulting from point mutation in apo-B
Decreased: LDL cholesterol and Total Cholesterol

Answer 38

HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA

Question 39

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
inherited disorder or lipid metabolism in which there are accumulation of sphingomyelin ib the bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes.

Answer 39

NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE (LIPID STORAGE DISEASE)

Question 40

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by complete absence of HDL due to mutation.

Answer 40

TANGIER DISEASE

Question 41

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
It results to inability to clear chylomicron particles, creating the classic “type 1” chylomicronemia syndrome.

Answer 41

LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY

Question 42

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
Due to mutation in the LCAT gene
Fish-eye disease is milder form of LCAT deficiency

Answer 42

LCAT DEFICIENCY

Question 43

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
It is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme hexosaminidase A, which results in the accumulation of sphingolipids in the brain

Answer 43

TAY-SACHS DISEASE

Question 44

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
This syndrome is distinct from abetalipoproteinemia, as only apob-48 appears to be affected.
Clinical finding: fat malabsorption and low levels of plasma lipids

Answer 44

CHYLOMICRON RETENTION DISEASE (ANDERSON’S DISEASE)

Question 45

CLINICAL CORRELATIONS:
It is a recessive disorder wherein plant sterols are absorbed and accumulate in plasma and peripheral tissues.

Answer 45

SITOSTEROLEMIA

Question 46

Other term for CHYLOMICRON RETENTION DISEASE

Answer 46

ANDERSON’S DISEASE

Question 47

Other term for CHYLOMICRON RETENTION DISEASE

Answer 47

ANDERSON’S DISEASE