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Clinical Chemistry-MIDTERMS > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

the most abundant biomolecules on earth

A

polyhydroxylated carbon

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2
Q

carbohydrates has three elements, name each

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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3
Q

ratio of hydrogen: oxygen

A

2:1

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4
Q

Structure of Carbonyl group

A

C=O

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5
Q

Structure of Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

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6
Q

Number of Carbon Atoms: Tetrose

A

4 carbons

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7
Q

Number of Carbon Atoms: Pentose

A

5 carbons

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8
Q

Number of Carbon Atoms: Triose

A

3 Carbons

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9
Q

Number of Carbon Atoms: Hexose

A

6 carbons

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10
Q

most significant in monosaccharides

A

glucose

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11
Q

Location of the Carbonyl Group: Co is located at the internal carbon

A

Ketose (Ketone)

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12
Q

Location of the Carbonyl Group: CO is located at the end of the carbon chains

A

Aldose (Aldehyde)

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13
Q

Type of Stereoisomerism: polygonal in shape, refers to the position of the -OH in the anomeric C1

A

Haworth Projection

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14
Q

mirror image, some chemical formula different configuration

A

Stereoisomerism

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15
Q

Type of Stereoisomerism: Refers to the position of the hydroxyl group AWAY from the aldehyde functional group

A

Fischer Projection

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16
Q

has glucose, galactose, fructose
simple sugars
cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler form

A

Monosaccharides

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17
Q

All monosaccharides formed together or at least two

A

Disaccharides

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18
Q

Chaining of 3-10 sugar units

A

Oligosaccharides

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19
Q

Type of Disaccharides: Glucose + Fructose , Common table sugar

A

SUCROSE

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20
Q

Type of Disaccharides: Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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21
Q

Type of Disaccharides: Glucose + Galactose, Milk Sugar

A

LACTOSE

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22
Q

Type of Polysaccharides: Primary CHO in the diet and is found in most plants (glucose molecules)

A

STARCH

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23
Q

Type of Polysaccharides: The storage form of CHO, Formed from glucose by the liver and muscle

A

GLYCOGEN

24
Q

Type of Polysaccharides: Another polysaccharide in plants, Not digested by humans, it does not provide bulk for proper intestinal functioning (25-2500 glucose units)

A

CELLULOSE

25
Q

osmotic resistance necessary for cartilage to resist

A

Aggrecan

26
Q

1 gram of carbohydrate

A

4kCal

27
Q

enzyme which helps to start the chemical digestion of food

A

Salivary Amylase

28
Q

source of salivary amylase

A

salivary glands

29
Q

mechanical digestion

A

mouth

30
Q

Completes the digestion of starch and glycogen

A

Pancreatic Amylase

31
Q

source and route of pancreatic amylase

A

source: pancreas
route: small intestine

32
Q

digestion of disaccharides

A

small intestine

33
Q

Intestinal Absorption: need para makapasok sa energy or ATP, Glucose and Galactose

A

Active Transport

34
Q

Intestinal Absorption: no need ng energy or ATP, Fructose

A

Passive Transport

35
Q

meaning of genesis?

A

creation

36
Q

Catabolism of Glucose to Pyruvate or Lactate with the production of ATP

A

Embden- Meyeroff (Glycolysis)

37
Q

Oxidase glucose to ribose and CO2

A

Hexose Monosphosphate Shunt

38
Q

Glucose is converted to glycogen (occurs after heavy meal)

A

Glycogenesis

39
Q

Breakdown of Glycogen to form GLUCOSE
regulates glucose levels between meals

A

Glycogenolysis

40
Q

Breakdown of Glycogen to form GLUCOSE
Regulates glucose levels between meals

A

Glycogenolysis

41
Q

Formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources (AA, CHON, GLYCEROL, LACTATE)

A

Gluconeogenesis

42
Q

Conversion of CHO to fatty acids

A

Lipogenesis

43
Q

Decomposition of Fats

A

Lipolysis

44
Q

Maraming sini-secrete na hormone

A

Pancreas

45
Q

Secrete the blood straight in bloodstream

A

endocrine

46
Q

has ducts in cell

A

exocrine

47
Q

secretes glucagon

A

Alpha Cell

48
Q

secretes insulin

A

beta cell

49
Q

secretes somatostatin

A

delta cell

50
Q

secretes pancreatic polypeptide

A

F cell

51
Q

precursor of insulin

A

pro insulin

52
Q

precursor of insulin

A

pro insulin

53
Q

only hypoglycemic hormone

A

insulin

54
Q

used to differentiate diabetes mellitus 1 and 2

A

C- Peptide

55
Q

meaning of C-peptide

A

Connecting Peptide

Clinical Chemistry-MIDTERMS (8 decks)

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