Q7 Flashcards
Variable Interval Reinforcment-
A reinforcer is delivered for the first response after an average time interval which varies unpredictably.
Ex. Childs persistent whining is reinforced, checking on car mechanic to see if ur car is done.
Reinforcement-
The stimulus that follows a response that increases the likelihood of a response.
Fixed Ratio (FR)- Ex-
A reinforce is delivered after a fixed number of responses.
Ex- being payed by the bushel picked. Maid takes a break after cleaning three rooms.
Variable Reinforcement VR-
Ex?
A reinforcer delivered after average number of responses, which varies unpredictably.
Ex- gambling on slot machines, buying lottery tickets and winning, baseball player hits every 3 times
What processes increase the likely hood of repeating a behavior and decreases the likelihood of a behavior?
Positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a behavior and punishment decreases the likelihood of a behavior.
Who developed Operate Conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Conditioned or secondary reinforcer?
A stimulus that has acquired value by being associated with a primary reinforcer like money, smiles, or frequent flier points.
What is an Operate?
The voluntary behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences.
Bobo doll experiment?
Children observed adults hitting and using aggressive language towards a doll, later the children imitated the behavior modeled by the adults. Showed the power of observational learning.
Who did the Bobo doll experiment?
Albert Bandura
Fixed interval reinforcement (FI)-
Ex?
A reinforce is delivered for the first response after a present time interval (studying before a test), checking to see if cookies are done, every Saturday payday.
Punishment? Ex?
Addition of a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of the repose being repeated.
Ex- spank
What is Operant Conditioning?
The learning process that involves reinforcing the operant
How is taste aversion as discovered by John Garcia, different between classical conditioning?
Taste aversions- Garcia discover it from injecting rats with saccharine water and nausea producing drug. The rats avoided the fluid after only one pairing. Could develop when 24 hours separated the taste and Nausea.
Classical conditioning- pairing a neutral stimulus with and UCS
What things did Martin Seligman say?
Humans are biologically prepared to develop fears of certain objects or situations.
Fears of snakes, heights, spiders, and enclosed places, important to evolutionary survival.
Humans are not likely to develop phobias about ladders, electrical outlets, or sharp object, even just as dangerous.
What did Bandura conclude with?
Reinforcment is not necessary for learning to occur
What did the American psychological association conclude about media violence and its effect on children?
Viewing media violence can contribute to an increase in aggressive attitudes, attitudes, and values. American youth witnesses 1000 rapes, murders, and assaults on tv every year.
Negative reinforcement? Ex?
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response, increasing the likelihood of the response being repeated.
Ex: taking Tylenol to remove a headache
Positive reinforcement? Ex?
The addition of a reinforcing stimulus that increases the likely hood of that response being repeated.
Observational learning-
Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others.
Shaping-
The procedure of reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the goal behavior until the goal is displayed.
Bandura is a link between behavioralism and?
Cognitive psychology
What did skinner believe about punishment?
Punishment may work shot term but it is not effective long term because it can cause psychological problems.
Skinner box?
An operant chamber that studies the relationship between behaviors and reinforcement for pigeons and other small animals.
Primary reinforcer?
A naturally reinforcing stimulus like food, water, or other biological necessity.
what did the behavioralists believe?
Believed all behavior is a result of conditioning and learning and all human emotions are thought of as reflexive responses involving muscles and glands
What were the criticisms of Watson and reyners experiment?
Watson and Rayner did not extinguish little Alberta fear of furry animals.
How does the advertisement industry use conditioning, and who pioneered it?
Advertisers use conditioning to encourage their consumers to purchase. Watson
Who said there is no consciousness no thought, no free will.
Watson and skinner
What is counter conditioning and who
-replacing a learned conditioned response with a more beneficial conditioned response. Mary cover jones
What was Edward Thorntons puzzle box and what was the law of effect?
-cats used trial and error to find their way out of the box, for food. Because the response was followed by a pleasurable consequence.
Who developed the WAIS and WISC and what was discovered?
Davis Wechsler designed these using verbal and performance scales and sub tests for various skills.
Compared general age group rather than chronically.
Who developed and what is the theory of multiple intelligences?
Howard Gardner 8 categories of intelligence 1) linguistic 2) logical mathematical 3) musical 4) spatial 5) bodily kinesthetic 6) interpersonal 7) intrapersonal 8) naturalist
Who developed the Stanford Binet intelligence test and how are results measured
Lewis Terman
Mental age divided by chronical age multiplied by 100
Who was Alfred Binet
French psychologist who devised a test for the French government to identify school children who may need help learning. First to develop the First systematic intelligence test
What is meant by algorithm
Problem solving strategy that involves a specific rule, which produces the solution. Long division
Heuristic?
A strategy to reduce the number of possible solutions ( I before e except after c)
Cognition
Mental activities, thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
Availability heuristic
Estimating the likelihood of events based on our memory. Heavily weighed judgment towards recent news than old.
Conformation bias
Tendency to search for information that proves u right rather than wrong. Watching only Fox News
Hindsight bias
I knew it along. After events saying I predicted that
Standardization
Test given to a large representative sample of people to establish norms
Reliability
Test that produces consistent results on repeated occasions under similar conditions (shoe size)
Validity
To measure what is intended to measure
Normal distribution
A bell shaped distribution in which most scores are around the average score. Left is delayed and right is progressive
