Q3 Exam 1 Flashcards
Three phases of a seizure
Pre-ictal (aura), Ictus (30s-2min), Post-ictus (seconds to days)
cluster
more than 2-3 seizures in 24 hours
status epilepticus
single seizure lasting longer than 5 min, multiple without normal recovery
great seizure mimics
syncope, cataplexy/narcolepsy, myasthenia, myoclonus, vestibular, REM, muscle spasms, estrus in cats
idiopathic head tremors
dobermans, labs, bulldogs, no loss of consciousness, generally benign
age at which epilepsy becomes less likely
5 years
goals of epilepsy therapy
decrease frequency, duration, and severity of events (want 1 event every 2-3 months)
why is oral diazepam no longer recommended for cats
fulminant liver failure
phenobarb adverse effects
polyphagia, PU/PD, sedation, hepatotoxicity (true toxicity rare and reversible)
bromide adverse effects
sedation, vomiting, skin rash/pruritis and dry nose, pancreatitis, pneumonitis in cats
seizure 1 2 3
1 ml: little dog
2 ml: medium dog
3 ml: big dog
Ascending reticular activating system
regulated sleep-wake cycle
vasogenic vs cytogenic brain edema
vasogenic- extracellular, white matter, disruption of BBB
cytogenic- intracellular, metabolic from neuron
Ischemic reflex
pressure up, pulse down during increase in ICP
lateralizing signs
circle towards lesion, cerebral contralateral, brainstem ipsilateral
stupor vs coma
stupor- responds to noxious stimuli
coma- does not respond
hepatoencephalopathy
may worsen after eating, ammonia toxic, tx with low protein diet, lactulose, neomycin
breeds where glioma common
boxer, brachycephalics
meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology
young, small breeds, tx with steroids, bad prognosis in pugs
acquired hydrocephalus
CSF obstruction, tx with steroids, omeprazole, and VP shunt
cognitive dysfunction syndrome
Disorientation
Interactions
Sleep-wake cycle
House soiling
Activity
(cortical atrophy)
head trauma prognosis
guarded, but delay euth 24-48 hr if possible to see
vascular encephelopathy
systemic hypertension
menance response
tests 2 and 7 (after 12w)
palpebral reflex
tests 5 and 7
PLR
tests 2 and 3
oculomotor testing
mostly tests 8
gag reflex
tests 9 and 10
loss of vision with and w/out PLRs
no PLR: retinal or optic nerve disease (pupils dilated)
PLR: cortical blindness
optic neuritis
absent vision and PLR, tx with steroids, guarded tho
trigeminal neuritis
cannot close mouths, immune mediated (remember rabies tho), often self-limiting
unilateral masticatory muscle atrophy
trigeminal nerve root tumor
facial nerve paralysis
develops KCS, will develop on other side in next two years
vestibular lesion
tilt to lesion, fast phase away from lesion
horners syndrome 4 symptoms
miosis, ptosis, enopthalmos, protrustion 3rd eyelid
jamshidi biopsy
bony and solid tumors, extrude backwards, risk of fracture!!
5 types of round cell tumors
MCT, histiocytoma, plasma cell, lymphoma, TVT
most common feline skin tumor
basal cell
what size of tumor shows on x-rays
7-9 mm
most common locations for hemangiosarcoma
primary: spleen (then heart)
mets: liver
hemoabdomen double 2/3
2/3 malignant, 2/3 of those HSA
how to determine if hemoabdomen active bleed
check PCV
hsa treatment
surgery, chemo (doxorubicin first)
TCC tx
radiation and chemo (mitoxantrone and piroxicam), can get years
AGASACA treatment
surgery (also get LNs), radiation, chemo
FNA for lymphoma
avoid mandibular, usually diagnostic
when to use PARR
effusion or weird/reactive cytology
how to determine stage 5 lymphoma from leukemia
flow cytometry
CHOP protocol
remission in 80-90%
C-cyclophosphamide
H-hydroxydaunorubicin
O- oncovin (vincristine)
P-prednisone
indolent lymphoma
goldens and shih tzus, affects immune system, tx prednisone only, but only treat if lymphocytosis
GI lymphoma
small cell common, tx chlorambucil and prednisone
large cell more dramatic and bad
renal lymphoma
palpate large kidneys, can spread to neuro
doxorubicin side effects
cardio in dogs, renal in cats, severe vesicant
cyclophosphamide
sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
4 excision types
intralesional/debulking, marginal, wide, radical
STS surgery
3cm margins, one fascial plane
mast cell tumors
2-3cm margins, 1 fascial plane
cat tumors
5cm margins, 2 fascial planes
321 ISS rule
mass present 3 months post vax
mass 2 cm in diameter
mass increases in size after 1 month
dog and cat pituitary tumors
dog- corticotroph adenoma (cushings)
cat- somatotroph adenoma (acromegaly)
oral SCC
poor prognosis, can try SRS or piroxicam
oral melanoma
most common oral tumor in dogs, check your LNs, possibly new vaccine??
oral sarcoma
on palate, relatively indolent so can treat with sx or radiation and does decent
acanthomatous ameloblastoma
tumor from dental ligament, relatively benign but locally invasive, need to take surrounding bone
nasal tumors
often carcinomas, met rate lowish, SRS and piroxicam
cat nasal tumors
most malignant, lymphoma most common, conventional radiation works well
thyroid tumors
dogs- malignant but non-functional (movable?)
cats- not malignant but functional (heart, BP, kidneys)
