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SAMS > Q2 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Q2 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

three ways to categorize sex

A

genetic sex (XX or XY or), gonadal sex (ovaries or testes or) and phenotypic sex (urogenital tract)

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2
Q

leydig cells respond to what, sertoli cells?

A

LH and FSH respectively

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3
Q

length of spermatogenic cycle in the dog

A

62 days

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4
Q

estrus descriptors in the dog

A

monoestrus, non-seasonal, and spontaneous ovulators

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5
Q

hormone actions during anestrus

A

FSH high, then decreases at end, estrogen peak 7-9weeks before proestrus

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6
Q

proestrus hormones

A

FSH decreases, estrogen increases until peak 1-3 days before estrus, LH surge to start estrus, vaginal cornification increasing

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7
Q

estrus hormones

A

estrogen declines, LH surge precedes ovulation by 2-3 days, progesterone starts to rise, vagina cornified

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8
Q

diestrus

A

progesterone peaks somewhere in the first couple of weeks, prolactin rises

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9
Q

vaginal cytology cells during different phases

A

proestrus- parabasal cells trending towards intermediate cells
estrus- fully cornified
diestrus- parabasal cells suddenly

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10
Q

progesterone threshold to start inseminating

A

rise above 2 ng/mL

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11
Q

how many swimmers do you need for natural, vaginal AI and intrauterine AI?

A

natural- 300 million to 3 billion
vaginal AI- 300 to 400 million
intrauterine AI- 150 to 200 million

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12
Q

two methods to determine sperm concentration

A

hemocytometer or nucleocounter

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13
Q

cats estrus

A

seasonally polyestrus (long day), induced ovulators

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14
Q

three good ways to suppress estrus

A

photoperiod and melatonin in cats, GnRH agonist implant

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15
Q

LH testing for ORS

A

should be high if spayed, no negative feedback

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16
Q

treatment for pseudopregnancy

A

cabergoline

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17
Q

mammary hyperplasia

A

normally affects all teats, treat with aglepristone

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18
Q

neonatal iserythrolysis

A

B queen, A kittens

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19
Q

5 common differentials to vaginal discharge

A

UTI, pyo, abortion, vaginitis, trauma/mass

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20
Q

what respiratory value that decreases during pregnancy predisposes them to hypoxia

A

functional residual capacity

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21
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts 15% of maternal blood directly into fetal circulation

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22
Q

ion trapping in the fetus

A

weak bases will become ionized and therefore trapped in fetal circulation

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23
Q

benzos in the fetus

A

neonatal depression, floppy infant syndrome

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24
Q

a2 agonists and ace in the fetus

A

causes bradycardia/reduced uterine perfusion and non-reversible hypotension

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25
Q

best induction agents

A

propofol and alfaxalone

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26
Q

ketamine and etomidate in the fetus

A

ketamine increases mortality rates and etomidate causes a ROUGH induction 50% of the time

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27
Q

how long is pregnancy in dog and cat

A

dog: 65 days from LH surge
cat: “65 days from breeding”

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28
Q

diagnosing pregnancy

A

can be done 4 weeks after breeding with an ultrasound
(rads not accurate until 42 days)

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29
Q

feeding recommendations for pregnant bitch

A

increase intake by 15-50% in last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy

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30
Q

brucella canis symptoms

A

females: excessive bloody discharge post delivery or abortion, infertility
males: orchitis

31
Q

pregnancy toxemia

A

issues with metabolism causes ketosis and electrolyte imbalances

32
Q

stages of labor in the dog

A

stage 1: early uterine activity brought on by fetal stress and drop in P4 (12-24 hours before labor) temperature drop
stage 2: active labor (worry when 2 hours between pups and 30 minutes of aggressive contractions)
stage 3: placenta, often same time as stage 2

33
Q

how to time c section

A

progesterone timing when we bred, only want 1-2 days before expected, abdominal u/s for GI maturity, progesterone testing

34
Q

three puppy reflexes

A

righting, rooting, and suckling

35
Q

weaning

A

start at 4 weeks, should be solid food by 7 weeks

36
Q

hormone that often causes pyo

A

progesterone

37
Q

most common vaginal tumor

A

leiomyoma, benign mass with a stalk

38
Q

agalactia treatment

A

dopamine antagonist like metaclopromide, puppies should gain 10% weight per day for first 2 weeks

39
Q

hormone implicated in vaginal prolapse

A

estrogen

40
Q

5 differentials for bleeding from the penis

A

prostate issue, preputial issue, urethral issue, UTI, mass/trauma

41
Q

BPH treatment

A

finasteride, if prostatitis present need antibiotics

42
Q

diagnosing cryptorchidism in dogs

A

AMH testing good prior to explore, do cytology of prepuce if estrogenic signs

43
Q

proprioceptive ataxia

A

loss of sensory input from body to brain, often arises with paresis as motor pathways are closely associated, often symmetric

44
Q

vestibular ataxia

A

issues with balance and posture, assymetric, head tilt, nystagmus, wide stance

45
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

exaggerated movements and intention tremors (normal output is inhibitory)

46
Q

peripheral vestibular ataxia

A

inner ear or CN VIII, head tilt towards lesion, fast phase of (horizontal or rotatory) nystagmus away from lesion, no postural deficits, CN VII issues

47
Q

central vestibular ataxia

A

vestibular nuclei or involved with cerebellum, vertical nystagmus, postural deficits, most other cranial nerves

48
Q

bilateral vestibular signs

A

crouched, wide side to side head movements

49
Q

metronidazole toxicity

A

central vestibular signs, doses more than 30mg/kg/day, diazepam reverses??

50
Q

decerebellate posture

A

extension of forelimbs + opisthotonus (arc neck backwards), consciousness preserved

51
Q

cerebellar hypoplasia cause in cats

A

in utero exposure to panleuk

52
Q

white shaker syndome (cerebellitis)

A

immune mediated attack on cerebellum, treat with corticosteroids and diazepam

53
Q

meningoencephalitis

A

often immune mediated in dogs, FIP/CDV

54
Q

most common cerebellar neoplasia

A

meningioma

55
Q

4 sections of the spinal cord

A

C1-5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S3

56
Q

deep pain pathway

A

unmyelinated type C fibers, small and deep, resist crushing forces so last to go. Also decussates every few segments so indicates a functional spinal cord TRANSECTION if gone

57
Q

schiff sherrington posture

A

severe injury to T3-L4, loss of ascending inhibition, will try to use front limbs in standing posture though, typically paralyzed in rear limbs

58
Q

big four causes of myelopathy

A

IVDD, neoplasia, inflammatory, and vascular

59
Q

ddx for monoparesis

A

trauma, nerve root tumor, FCE, lateralized IVDD

60
Q

IVDD type 1

A

extrusion of nucleus pulposus (small breeds)

61
Q

IVDD type 2

A

protrusion of annulus fibrosus, older large breeds more common

62
Q

which is IVDD most common

A

T11-12 to L2-3 (NOT T1-T10 because intercapital ligament)

63
Q

what differential is important for cats with spinal lymphoma

A

FeLV

64
Q

antlantoaxial subluxation

A

increased space between C1 and C2, young small breeds, prognosis guarded

65
Q

Chiari like Malformation

A

narrowed occipital fossa and foramen magnum, cerebellar tissue herniates and alters CSF flow, often will scratch at neck forever

66
Q

Wobbler syndome (caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy

A

DAWS- type 2 disk protrusion, vertical compression, dobies and rotties
BAWS- boney and synovial hypertrophy, horizontal compression, young very large breed dogs

67
Q

degenerative myelopathy

A

defect in SOD-1 gene, progressive oxidative damage to spinal cord, GSD boxers and corgis

68
Q

caudal equina syndrome

A

IVDD at LS junction, pain on elevation of tail, large breed dogs

69
Q

flaccid tetraplegia four ddx

A

polyradiculoneuritis, tick paralysis, botulism, fulminant myasthenia gravis

70
Q

botulism

A

decreases release of Ach, antitoxin and supportive care

71
Q

tick paralysis

A

dermecentor andersonii and D. veriabalis, remove ticks and recovery in days

72
Q

polymyositis

A

often immune mediated, increased muscle breakdown on chemistry

73
Q

dermatomyositis

A

shetland and welsh corgi

74
Q

hypokalemic myopathy (cats)

A

<3mEq/L, often associated with hyperthyroid or CKD

SAMS (6 decks)

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