Q2 Exam 2 Flashcards
three ways to categorize sex
genetic sex (XX or XY or), gonadal sex (ovaries or testes or) and phenotypic sex (urogenital tract)
leydig cells respond to what, sertoli cells?
LH and FSH respectively
length of spermatogenic cycle in the dog
62 days
estrus descriptors in the dog
monoestrus, non-seasonal, and spontaneous ovulators
hormone actions during anestrus
FSH high, then decreases at end, estrogen peak 7-9weeks before proestrus
proestrus hormones
FSH decreases, estrogen increases until peak 1-3 days before estrus, LH surge to start estrus, vaginal cornification increasing
estrus hormones
estrogen declines, LH surge precedes ovulation by 2-3 days, progesterone starts to rise, vagina cornified
diestrus
progesterone peaks somewhere in the first couple of weeks, prolactin rises
vaginal cytology cells during different phases
proestrus- parabasal cells trending towards intermediate cells
estrus- fully cornified
diestrus- parabasal cells suddenly
progesterone threshold to start inseminating
rise above 2 ng/mL
how many swimmers do you need for natural, vaginal AI and intrauterine AI?
natural- 300 million to 3 billion
vaginal AI- 300 to 400 million
intrauterine AI- 150 to 200 million
two methods to determine sperm concentration
hemocytometer or nucleocounter
cats estrus
seasonally polyestrus (long day), induced ovulators
three good ways to suppress estrus
photoperiod and melatonin in cats, GnRH agonist implant
LH testing for ORS
should be high if spayed, no negative feedback
treatment for pseudopregnancy
cabergoline
mammary hyperplasia
normally affects all teats, treat with aglepristone
neonatal iserythrolysis
B queen, A kittens
5 common differentials to vaginal discharge
UTI, pyo, abortion, vaginitis, trauma/mass
what respiratory value that decreases during pregnancy predisposes them to hypoxia
functional residual capacity
ductus venosus
shunts 15% of maternal blood directly into fetal circulation
ion trapping in the fetus
weak bases will become ionized and therefore trapped in fetal circulation
benzos in the fetus
neonatal depression, floppy infant syndrome
a2 agonists and ace in the fetus
causes bradycardia/reduced uterine perfusion and non-reversible hypotension
best induction agents
propofol and alfaxalone
ketamine and etomidate in the fetus
ketamine increases mortality rates and etomidate causes a ROUGH induction 50% of the time
how long is pregnancy in dog and cat
dog: 65 days from LH surge
cat: “65 days from breeding”
diagnosing pregnancy
can be done 4 weeks after breeding with an ultrasound
(rads not accurate until 42 days)
feeding recommendations for pregnant bitch
increase intake by 15-50% in last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy
brucella canis symptoms
females: excessive bloody discharge post delivery or abortion, infertility
males: orchitis
pregnancy toxemia
issues with metabolism causes ketosis and electrolyte imbalances
stages of labor in the dog
stage 1: early uterine activity brought on by fetal stress and drop in P4 (12-24 hours before labor) temperature drop
stage 2: active labor (worry when 2 hours between pups and 30 minutes of aggressive contractions)
stage 3: placenta, often same time as stage 2
how to time c section
progesterone timing when we bred, only want 1-2 days before expected, abdominal u/s for GI maturity, progesterone testing
three puppy reflexes
righting, rooting, and suckling
weaning
start at 4 weeks, should be solid food by 7 weeks
hormone that often causes pyo
progesterone
most common vaginal tumor
leiomyoma, benign mass with a stalk
agalactia treatment
dopamine antagonist like metaclopromide, puppies should gain 10% weight per day for first 2 weeks
hormone implicated in vaginal prolapse
estrogen
5 differentials for bleeding from the penis
prostate issue, preputial issue, urethral issue, UTI, mass/trauma
BPH treatment
finasteride, if prostatitis present need antibiotics
diagnosing cryptorchidism in dogs
AMH testing good prior to explore, do cytology of prepuce if estrogenic signs
proprioceptive ataxia
loss of sensory input from body to brain, often arises with paresis as motor pathways are closely associated, often symmetric
vestibular ataxia
issues with balance and posture, assymetric, head tilt, nystagmus, wide stance
cerebellar ataxia
exaggerated movements and intention tremors (normal output is inhibitory)
peripheral vestibular ataxia
inner ear or CN VIII, head tilt towards lesion, fast phase of (horizontal or rotatory) nystagmus away from lesion, no postural deficits, CN VII issues
central vestibular ataxia
vestibular nuclei or involved with cerebellum, vertical nystagmus, postural deficits, most other cranial nerves
bilateral vestibular signs
crouched, wide side to side head movements
metronidazole toxicity
central vestibular signs, doses more than 30mg/kg/day, diazepam reverses??
decerebellate posture
extension of forelimbs + opisthotonus (arc neck backwards), consciousness preserved
cerebellar hypoplasia cause in cats
in utero exposure to panleuk
white shaker syndome (cerebellitis)
immune mediated attack on cerebellum, treat with corticosteroids and diazepam
meningoencephalitis
often immune mediated in dogs, FIP/CDV
most common cerebellar neoplasia
meningioma
4 sections of the spinal cord
C1-5, C6-T2, T3-L3, L4-S3
deep pain pathway
unmyelinated type C fibers, small and deep, resist crushing forces so last to go. Also decussates every few segments so indicates a functional spinal cord TRANSECTION if gone
schiff sherrington posture
severe injury to T3-L4, loss of ascending inhibition, will try to use front limbs in standing posture though, typically paralyzed in rear limbs
big four causes of myelopathy
IVDD, neoplasia, inflammatory, and vascular
ddx for monoparesis
trauma, nerve root tumor, FCE, lateralized IVDD
IVDD type 1
extrusion of nucleus pulposus (small breeds)
IVDD type 2
protrusion of annulus fibrosus, older large breeds more common
which is IVDD most common
T11-12 to L2-3 (NOT T1-T10 because intercapital ligament)
what differential is important for cats with spinal lymphoma
FeLV
antlantoaxial subluxation
increased space between C1 and C2, young small breeds, prognosis guarded
Chiari like Malformation
narrowed occipital fossa and foramen magnum, cerebellar tissue herniates and alters CSF flow, often will scratch at neck forever
Wobbler syndome (caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy
DAWS- type 2 disk protrusion, vertical compression, dobies and rotties
BAWS- boney and synovial hypertrophy, horizontal compression, young very large breed dogs
degenerative myelopathy
defect in SOD-1 gene, progressive oxidative damage to spinal cord, GSD boxers and corgis
caudal equina syndrome
IVDD at LS junction, pain on elevation of tail, large breed dogs
flaccid tetraplegia four ddx
polyradiculoneuritis, tick paralysis, botulism, fulminant myasthenia gravis
botulism
decreases release of Ach, antitoxin and supportive care
tick paralysis
dermecentor andersonii and D. veriabalis, remove ticks and recovery in days
polymyositis
often immune mediated, increased muscle breakdown on chemistry
dermatomyositis
shetland and welsh corgi
hypokalemic myopathy (cats)
<3mEq/L, often associated with hyperthyroid or CKD
