Q2 W6 Flashcards
learning the background of your intended
audience.
CONDUCTING AN AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
the main reason why you wrote the speech
DETERMINING THE PURPOSE OF THE SPEECH
relevance, timeliness are some factors to consider when choosing
a topic.
SELECTING A TOPIC
making the topic more specific or clearly stated
NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC
the use of survey, interview, observation and research for information
needed in the topic.
GATHERING DATA
the development of your ideas, one may use cause and effect,
problem solution, evidence, theories and more patterns.
WRITING PATTERNS
allows a writer to categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs.
OUTLINING
study of the pertinent elements defining the makeup and characteristics of an audience.
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
One or more people within hearing range of some message; for example, a group of people
listening to a performance or speech; the crowd attending a stage performance.
AUDIENCE
—their general age, gender, education level, religion, language, culture, and
group membership—is the single most important aspect of developing your speech.
KNOWING YOUR AUDIENCE
will help you discover information that you can use to build common
ground between you and the members of your audience.
ANALYZING YOUR AUDIENCE
can be classified into three—to inform, to
entertain, or to persuade.
PURPOSE OF THE SPEECH
focal point of your speech, which can be determined once you have decided
on your purpose.
TOPIC
making your main idea more specific and focused.
NARROWING DOWN A TOPIC
❖ a blueprint for your presentation.
❖ It highlights the key logical elements. i.e. what points are being made to logically support
the core message?
❖ It highlights the key structural elements. e.g. introduction, body, conclusion, stories, high-
level concepts
❖ It links these elements together in a sequence, perhaps allocating very rough timings.
❖ It can also map out the transitions between elements, although this may be deferred to a
later stage of preparation.
OUTLINE
product of proper outlining.
OUTSTANDING SPEECH
TWO SYSTEMS OF OUTLINING
ALPHANUMERIC SYSTEM (NUMBER-LETTER)
DECIMAL SYSTEM
makes
use of Roman and Hindu-Arabic numbers as well as uppercase and lowercase letters.
ALPHANUMERIC SYSTEM
makes use of symbols that look like “decimal” numbers.
DECIMAL SYSTEM
arranges your ideas hierarchically (showing which are main and which are sub-
points), in the sequence you want, and shows what you will talk about. As the name implies, it
identifies all the little mini topics that your paper will comprise, and shows how they relate.
TOPIC OUTLINE
it shows exactly what you will say about each mini -topic.
Each sentence, instead of simply identifying a mini-topic, is like a mini-thesis statement about that
mini-topic. It expresses the specific and complete idea that that section of the paper will cover as
part of proving the overall thesis.
SENTENCE OUTLINE
allows a writer to categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs into an
order that makes sense, and to make sure that each paragraph/idea can be fully developed.
helps prevent a writer from getting stuck when performing the actual
writing of the essay.
OUTLINE
-is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources,
and references relevant or related to your specific topic. This can be done by visiting the
library, browsing the web, observing a certain phenomenon or event related to your topic,
or conducting an interview or survey. The data that you will gather will be very useful in
making your speech informative, entertaining, or persuasive.
DATA COLLECTION/GATHERING
structures that will help you organize the ideas related
to your topic. Examples are biographical, categorical/topical, causal, chronological,
comparison/contrast, problem-solution, and spatial.
WRITING PATTERNS
DATA COLLECTION METHODS (6)
READING
EXPERIMENTATION
OBSERVATION
INTERVIEWING
CONVERSATION/CHAT
INTERNET SURFING
Books and periodicals are considered secondary sources of information, yet they are
always valuable sources of information especially for someone doing a speech. Informative
speeches, as well as persuasive speeches, for example, debate materials, are almost always
products of reading all forms of printed materials from books to periodicals to unpublished
theses and dissertations and documents.
READING
When independent and dependent variables involved in the study, the most
likely approach to use experimental method. An experiment is conducted to show cause-and -
effect relationship between items. Specialists in the natural and social science have been using
this method through the years. At times during for at times during fora, lectures researchers
inform the public about the results of their experiments.
EXPERIMENTATION
Merely looking closely at surrounding things is a means to gather data. In fact,
Galileo discovered gravity by simply observing two objects fall from the Leaning tower of Pisa.
In the Same manner, Archimedes discovered buoyancy by observing objects float and sink in
water. An oral reporter can describe the items exhibited in the Museum, for example, the world-
renowned “Spoliarium” of Juan Luna his report.
OBSERVATION
observer takes part in the activities of the observed
PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
observer does not take part in the activities of the observed
NON-PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
in which the interviewer
personally and directly asks questions of the interviewee;
personal (direct/in-person/tete-a-tete/face to-face) interview,
in which the
interviewer sends the interview questionnaire through mail to the interviewee who in turn
answers and returns it to the former;
mail (letter) interview,
in which the interviewer
asks questions through the telephone o the interviewee, who in turn answers the same
questions.
telephone (phone interview,
unstructured way of gathering data. The data- elicits information from the conversation
between him and the o or parties. At times, he gathers more information from the other party
an interviewer does because some people find more comfort in talking about things during a
chat or conversation than during an into talking in View.
CONVERSATION/CHAT
In as much as online sources are plenty of today s generation (computer
generation) and professional are more home with surfing the net than with any other method.
INTERNET SURFING
The narrative paragraph tells a part of a story in the first person. It shows a
sequence of events connected by transition words like then, suddenly, finally, momentarily,
and the next day. Also, action verbs like was walking, ran, and fell are used to indicate
movement.
NARRATION
-gives information of what a person, an object, a place, or a situation is like. It
appeals to the reader’s senses; it makes the reader see, hear, taste, smell, or feel the subject.
DESCRIPTION
-explains a concept, term, or subject. Its main purpose is to tell what something is.
DEFINITION
THREE PARTS OF DEFINITION
(1) the term, concept, or subject to be defined; (2) the general class to which it belongs, and (3) the characteristics that differentiate it from the other members of its class.
Comparison- To compare persons, things, places, events, situations, or ideas is to show how
they are alike. You need to identify the points of comparison and make a list of similar
characteristics or qualities for each point of comparison. signal similarities: Signal words for
similarities: Also, like, both, as… as, similarly, in the same way, equally important, likewise.
COMPARISON
-To contrast persons, things, places, events, situations, or ideas is to show how they
are different. To do so, you need to make a list of the characteristics or qualities of the subjects
and then identify the differences between them. The following are some words that signal
contrast: but, however, though, on the other hand, in contrast.
CONTRAST
shows, proves, or explains a general idea or point by using examples.
EXEMPLIFICATION
refers to sorting or arranging subjects into groups or categories according to
their common or shared characteristic.
CLASSIFICATION
A cause is simply “why something happens,” and an effect is “what
happens.”The following words can be used to signal cause and effect: as a result, accordingly,
because of (this), due to (this), consequently, hence/therefore/thus.
CAUSE-AND-EFFECT
The cause, which can be an event or action, can be stated right at the
beginning of a paragraph, followed by sentences stating the effects. This type of
organization is best for explaining a single cause with different effects.
CAUSE TO EFFECT
The effect can be stated at the beginning of the text, followed by
sentences and paragraphs that expound on the causes. This type of organization is best
for presenting a single effect with different causes.
EFFECT TO CAUSE
is used to deal with topics that pose problems and present solutions in a
logical manner.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
-in general is an unsatisfactory situation that causes troubles or difficulties.
PROBLEM
a way to deal with the situation so that the troubles or difficulties are
removed.
SOLUTION
