Q1 GENBIO(UPDATED) Flashcards
1
Q
Who contributed the third point of the cell theory:
3. All new cells arise from existing cells.
Person
A
Rudolf Virchow
2
Q
Who proposed the first two points:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
Two people
A
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden
3
Q
An ____ is a subcellular structure
that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.
A
Organelle
4
Q
Known as the cell’s “command center.”
A
Nucleus
5
Q
DNA
Acronym
A
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
6
Q
Within the nucleus is a smaller structure
called the ____.
A
Nucleolus
7
Q
Houses the
RNA.
A
Nucleolus
8
Q
____ are the protein
factories of the cell.
A
Ribosomes
9
Q
The ____ is
a membranous organelle.
A
Endoplasmic Reticulum
10
Q
Some portions of this are studded with ribosomes and are involved with ____ manufacturing.
Two answers
A
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein
11
Q
The rest of
the Endoplasmic Reticulum is referred to as the
____ and serves to
produce vital ____.
Two answers
A
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipids
12
Q
If the proteins from the rough ER
require further modification, they
are transported to the ____ (or ____).
A
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Complex
13
Q
Serves as the site of photosynthesis.
A
Chloroplast
14
Q
Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as ____.
A
Chlorophyll
15
Q
The powerhouse of the cell.
A
Mitochondria
16
Q
Transforms glucose into ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
A
Mitochondria
17
Q
Provides
mechanical support that
facilities the shape of the cell
while enclosing the cell and its
components from the external
environment.
A
Cell membrane
18
Q
It regulates what can be allowed
to enter and exit the cell
through channels, acting as a
semi-permeable membrane.
A
Cell membrane
19
Q
Made up of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and proteins.
A
Cell wall
Plant Cell
20
Q
What is the cell wall made out of in fungal cells?
A
Chitin
21
Q
Protects and maintains the shape of the cell.
A
Cell wall
22
Q
Consists of a cylindrical
structure made with nine triplets
microtubules.
A
Centrioles
23
Q
During cell division, centrioles have
a crucial role in forming ____.
A
Spindle fibers
24
Q
They are also involved in the formation
of cilia and flagella.
Organelle
A
Centriole
25
Are tiny hair-like projections from the cell made of microtubules.
Cilia and Flagella
26
The most critical role of cilia and flagella.
Movement
27
Acts as a buffer and protects genetic materials.
Cytoplasm
28
Helps in the distribution of various nutrients and facilitates the movement of cell organelles within the cell.
Cytoplasm
29
Helps give shape to the cell while supporting cellular transport.
Cytoskeleton
30
Also involved in the intracellular and extracellular transport of materials.
Cytoskeleton
31
Involved in various cellular
processes, including secretion,
plasma membrane repair, cell
signaling, and energy metabolism.
Lysosome
32
Act as a storage for nutrients
as well as waste materials
Vacuole
33
Allow temporary storage of food
and also control the buoyancy of
the cell.
Vesicles
34
Double membrane-bound structures present in plants.
Plastids
35
Coined the term "cell" to
describe the tiny, box-like structures he saw.
| Person and date
Robert Hooke in 1665
36
Improved microscope lenses, enabling him to observe living cells like bacteria and protozoa.
| Person and date
Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674
37
Concluded that all
plant parts are
made of cells.
| Person and date
Matthias Schleiden in 1838
38
Extended Schleiden's observations to animals, proposing that all living things are composed of cells.
Theodor Schwann in 1839
39
"Omnis cellula e cellula"
| Translation
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
40
Disproved spontaneous generation, supporting Virchow's theory.
| Person and date
Louis Pasteur in 1862
41
Discovered DNA within the nucleus, highlighting the importance of the cell nucleus.
Friedrich Miescher in 1869
42
Described the process of mitosis, the division of a cell into two daughter cells.
Walther Flemming in 1879
43
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Nucleus
Eukaryote
44
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
1-10 micrometers in size
Prokaryote
45
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Complex cell wall
Prokaryote
46
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
One or more chromosome
Eukaryote
47
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Vacuoles
Both
48
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Golgi Apparatus
Eukaryote
49
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Mitochondria
Eukaryote
50
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Vesicles
Both
51
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Circular DNA arrangement
Prokaryote
52
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Smaller Ribosome
Prokaryote
53
# State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Plasmid
Prokaryote
54
They are termed as suicidal bags due to their possession of hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acid.
Lysosomes
55
The Golgi apparatus is composed
of flat, disc shaped structures known as
____.
Cisternae
56
Prokaryotes (pro- = before)
came from the Latin pro,
meaning,
| Etymology
“in favor of” or “on
behalf of”
57
Eukaryotes (karyon- = nucleus)
(eu- = true).
| Etymology
“true kernel” or
“true nucleus”
58
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes share four common components:
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes
59
These increase the surface area for
the absorption of nutrients and other
essential substances.
Microvilli
60
Prevents mucus, bacteria,
and dirt from entering the
lungs.
Cillia
61
Are tail-like structures that provide motility to cells.
Flagella
62
Cell junctions are found in ____ and are
mainly responsible for connecting adjacent cells.
Epithelial cells
63
Prevents leakage
of substances.
Tight junctions
64
Connect
adjacent cells.
Adherens
junctions
| Answer can be Desmosome
65
Also connect
adjacent cells.
Desmosomes
| Answer can be Adherens junctions
66
Serve as channels of ions, water and other essential substances.
Gap junctions
67
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
68
Leukocytes
White blood cells
69
Thrombocytes
Platelets
70
This blood cell lacks a mitochondria
Red blood cell
| or Erythrocytes
71
Responsible for the body’s defenses.
White blood cells
| or Leukocytes
72
Are the largest cells in the human body and are necessary for sexual reproduction.
Egg cell
73
These are epidermal outgrowths responsible for preventing insect attacks, shading leaves, and trapping insects.
Trichomes
74
Are tiny hair-like structures that originated from the epidermis of plants. These also facilitate the absorption of water from the substrate.
Root hairs
75
What layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
Mesophyll layer
76
# Determine if Xylem or Phloem
One-way(upward) flow
Xylem
77
# Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Live cells with no nucleus
Phloem
78
# Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Rich in lignin
Xylem
79
# Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Perforated end walls
Phloem
80
# Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Transports water and minerals
Xylem
81
Responsible for sensation.
| Cell modification
Stereocilia
82
Are found in the growing areas of plants.
Meristematic tissues
83
Are composed of nondividing cells.
| Plant tissue
Permanent tissues
84
Are responsible for the primary growth of plants.
Apical meristems
85
Are responsible for the secondary growth of plants.
Lateral meristems
86
Are composed of one
kind of cell.
Simple permanent tissues
87
Are composed of two or
more kinds of cells.
Complex permanent tissue
88
Covers the whole body of nonwoody
and young woody plants and is
protected by a waxy cuticle.
Epidermis
89
Prevents loss of water and invasion of disease-causing microorganisms.
Cuticle
90
Are specialized structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
Guard cells
91
Are slit-like structures on the lower epidermis of leaves which aids in the exchange of gases between plants and the environment.
Stomata
92
Are mostly responsible for the synthesis and storage of plant food.
Parenchyma cells
93
Provides a furnishing flexible support to immature parts of plants.
Collenchyma cells
94
Sclerenchyma cell has two kinds,
namely ____ and ____.
Sclereids
Fibers
95
Strengthens seed coats and are responsible
for gritty-textured flesh of some fruits, while fibers
are used commercially as components of making
rope and flax fibers.
Sclereids
96
They have perforated plates that allow the transport of water through the vessels.
Xylem
97
Composed of sieve-tube elements that help in the transport of nutrients throughout the plant’s body.
Phloem
98
Primary growth is an increase in plant’s ____.
Height
99
Secondary growth is an increase in plant’s ____ and ____.
Diameter
Girth
## Footnote
Girth is thickness
100
Ground tissues are also called ____.
Fundamental tissues
## Footnote
These are the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
101
These refer to groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function.
Tissue
102
Is a type of animal tissue that forms the inner
and outer lining of organs, the covering
in surfaces, and the primary glandular
tissue of the body.
Epithelial tissue or epithelium
103
# [](http://)
One layer of epithelium
| Epithelial tissue
"Simple"
| For example: Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar
## Footnote
Could also be "Pseudostriated"
104
More than one layer of epithelium
| Epithelial tissue
"Stratified"
| For example: Stratified cuboidal, Stratified squamous
## Footnote
Psuedostratified has only one layer, despite its appearance, hence its name.
105
Flat, scale like
| Epithelial tissue
"Squamous"
| For example: Simple squamous, Stratified squamous
106
Cube shaped
| Epithelial tissue
"Cuboidal"
| For example: Simple cuboidal, Stratified Cuboidal
107
Elongated or column shaped
| Epithelial tissue
"Columnar"
| For example: Simple columnar, Stratified columnar
108
Only one layer but looks like many.
| Epithelial tissue
Pseudostratified
109
Consists of bone cells called lacunae
Bone or osseous tissue
110
More flexible matrix than bone and has cartilage cells called chondrocytes.
Cartilage
111
This is a fibroblast or a fiber-forming cell.
Dense connective or dense fibrous tissue
112
Attached to the skeleton or bones.
Skeletal Muscle
113
Found in the walls of hollow organs such as intestines, stomach, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus.
Smooth Muscle
114
Found in the heart
| Muscular tissue
Cardiac Muscle
115
The basic unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
116
Area where sister chromatids are held together.
Centromere
117
Each of a pair of identical DNA molecules after DNA replication; they are joined at the centromere.
Chromatid
118
Fibers that attach to chromosomes.
Spindle fibers
119
Forms the spindle fibers during cell division.
Centrioles
120
Series of events that take place in
a cell leading to its division and duplication of its
DNA (DNA replication).
Cell Cycle
121
This is the preparatory phase where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and replicates its DNA.
Interphase
122
Three stages of the Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
123
This is the phase where the cell divides its DNA into two identical sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.
Mitotic (M) phase
124
The division of the nucleus and its DNA.
Mitosis
125
The division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
126
Mitosis occurs in what cell?
Somatic cells
127
Meiosis occurs in what cells
Germ cells
128
Haploid
| Meaning
23 chromosomes
129
Diploid
| Meaning
46 chromosomes
130
"Meiosis" in Greek means?
"lessening"
131
Mitosis came from the Greek word "mitos" meaning?
"warp thread"
## Footnote
Coined by Walther Flemming in 1882
132
Stage where chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
## Footnote
Crossing over only happens in Meiosis I, not in Mitosis
133
Stage that is essential for the proper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Prometaphase
134
Stage where chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell.
Metaphase
135
Nuclear envelopes re-form around the chromosomes at each pole, and the cell divides into two.
Telophase
136
Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
137
Division of the Cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
138
In what kind of cell does a cell plate form in the middle of the cell, dividing it into two daughter cells.
In plant cells
139
In what kind of cell does a cleavage furrow form at the equator of the cell, gradually pinching the cell into two.
In animal cells
140
The homologous chromosomes exchange parts of DNA with each other.
Crossing over
## Footnote
The points of physical contact from which the exchange happens are known as chiasmata
141
Composed of four chromatids.
Tetrad
142
Longest phase of meiotic division
Prophase I
143
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Nucleus divides twice
Meiosis
144
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Daughter cells are diploid
Mitosis
145
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Involved in genetic variations
Meiosis
146
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Increases number of somatic cells
Mitosis
147
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Malfunction results in cancer
Mitosis
148
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Daughter cells are haploid
Meiosis
149
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
4 daughter cells are produced
Meiosis
150
# Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Produces egg and sperm cells
Meiosis
151
Bacteria have their own version of mitosis called...?
Binary fission
152
What will form haploid spores under nutritional deprivation?
Budding yeast
152
Uncontrolled mitosis occurs in...?
Cancer
152
Errors in meiosis can lead to the wrong number of chromosomes ending up in germ cells, this is called...?
Aneuploidy
153
Triggered by aneuploidy
Miscarriage
154
The most well-known and devastating consequence of cell cycle malfunction .
Cancer
155
A condition where an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
156
Common Types of Aneuploidy
Mosonomy
Trisomy
157
Absence of one chromosome.
Monosomy
158
Presence of Extra Chromosome
Trisomy
158
# What is the disorder?
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
159
# What is the disorder?
Trisomy 18
Edward's Syndrome
160
Are a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in cilia and flagella.
Ciliopathies
160
# What is the disorder?
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome
160
160
Most common feature of Turner syndrome
Short stature
161
Examples of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
161
Disruptions in cell cycle regulation can also contribute to a
variety of other disorders, including...?
Infertility
Heart disease
Autoimmune diseases
Aging
162
The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Diffusion
163
The movement of **water** from a
low concentration to high concentration.
Osmosis
164
The difference in concentration between a region of high concentration and a region of lower concentration.
Concentration Gradient
165
This method of transport does not require
cell energy.
Passive Transport
166
This method of transport requires
cell energy.
Active Transport
167
Active transportation requires cell energy in the form of what?
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
168
Examples of Passive Transport
Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.
169
Examples of Active Transport
Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis
170
Diffusion stops at ____ (when the concentrations across a membrane are equal).
Equilibrium
170
The rate of transport(diffusion) is dependent on:
* if the material is solid, liquid or gas.
* the size of the molecules.
* temperature
171
____ and ____ in the
cell is maintained by osmosis.
Water transport
Turgor pressure
171
Pressure against the cell membrane
Turgor Pressure
171
There is an excess of water and the cell bursts.
Hypotonic
171
There is not enough water and the cells shrivels.
Hypertonic
172
The concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than inside the
cell.
Hypotonic Solutions
173
Hypotonic solution causes an increase in pressure inside the cell: called ____ pressure (plants) or ____ pressure (animals).
Turgor
Osmotic
174
The swelling and bursting of a cell
Cytolisis
174
____ causes animal cells to shrivel up
and plants to wilt.
Plasmolysis
174
The concentration of solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.
Hypertonic Solutions
175
The concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell is the same.
Isotonic Solution
176
What happens when you put a cell in distilled water?
Stiffens but generally retains shape
177
Two Types of Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
177
What happens when you place a cell in a saline solution?
The cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall.
178
Changes in the system are occurring, but at the same rate as one another.
| Two Types of Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
179
No change in the system
is occurring.
| Two Types of Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
179
Diffusion always moves in what direction in the concentration gradient?
Down
180
A process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole).
Endocytosis
181
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
182
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
183
A process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Exocytosis
