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Q1 GENBIO(UPDATED) Flashcards

1
Q

Who contributed the third point of the cell theory:
3. All new cells arise from existing cells.

Person

A

Rudolf Virchow

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2
Q

Who proposed the first two points:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.

Two people

A

Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden

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3
Q

An ____ is a subcellular structure
that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.

A

Organelle

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4
Q

Known as the cell’s “command center.”

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

DNA

Acronym

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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6
Q

Within the nucleus is a smaller structure
called the ____.

A

Nucleolus

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7
Q

Houses the
RNA.

A

Nucleolus

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8
Q

____ are the protein
factories of the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

The ____ is
a membranous organelle.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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10
Q

Some portions of this are studded with ribosomes and are involved with ____ manufacturing.

Two answers

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein

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11
Q

The rest of
the Endoplasmic Reticulum is referred to as the
____ and serves to
produce vital ____.

Two answers

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipids

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12
Q

If the proteins from the rough ER
require further modification, they
are transported to the ____ (or ____).

A

Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Complex

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13
Q

Serves as the site of photosynthesis.

A

Chloroplast

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14
Q

Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as ____.

A

Chlorophyll

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15
Q

The powerhouse of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

Transforms glucose into ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)

A

Mitochondria

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17
Q

Provides
mechanical support that
facilities the shape of the cell
while enclosing the cell and its
components from the external
environment.

A

Cell membrane

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18
Q

It regulates what can be allowed
to enter and exit the cell
through channels, acting as a
semi-permeable membrane.

A

Cell membrane

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19
Q

Made up of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and proteins.

A

Cell wall

Plant Cell

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20
Q

What is the cell wall made out of in fungal cells?

A

Chitin

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21
Q

Protects and maintains the shape of the cell.

A

Cell wall

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22
Q

Consists of a cylindrical
structure made with nine triplets
microtubules.

A

Centrioles

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23
Q

During cell division, centrioles have
a crucial role in forming ____.

A

Spindle fibers

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24
Q

They are also involved in the formation
of cilia and flagella.

Organelle

A

Centriole

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25
Q

Are tiny hair-like projections from the cell made of microtubules.

A

Cilia and Flagella

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26
Q

The most critical role of cilia and flagella.

A

Movement

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27
Q

Acts as a buffer and protects genetic materials.

A

Cytoplasm

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28
Q

Helps in the distribution of various nutrients and facilitates the movement of cell organelles within the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Helps give shape to the cell while supporting cellular transport.

A

Cytoskeleton

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30
Q

Also involved in the intracellular and extracellular transport of materials.

A

Cytoskeleton

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31
Q

Involved in various cellular
processes, including secretion,
plasma membrane repair, cell
signaling, and energy metabolism.

A

Lysosome

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32
Q

Act as a storage for nutrients
as well as waste materials

A

Vacuole

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33
Q

Allow temporary storage of food
and also control the buoyancy of
the cell.

A

Vesicles

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34
Q

Double membrane-bound structures present in plants.

A

Plastids

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35
Q

Coined the term “cell” to
describe the tiny, box-like structures he saw.

Person and date

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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36
Q

Improved microscope lenses, enabling him to observe living cells like bacteria and protozoa.

Person and date

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674

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37
Q

Concluded that all
plant parts are
made of cells.

Person and date

A

Matthias Schleiden in 1838

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38
Q

Extended Schleiden’s observations to animals, proposing that all living things are composed of cells.

A

Theodor Schwann in 1839

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39
Q

“Omnis cellula e cellula”

Translation

A

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

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40
Q

Disproved spontaneous generation, supporting Virchow’s theory.

Person and date

A

Louis Pasteur in 1862

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41
Q

Discovered DNA within the nucleus, highlighting the importance of the cell nucleus.

A

Friedrich Miescher in 1869

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42
Q

Described the process of mitosis, the division of a cell into two daughter cells.

A

Walther Flemming in 1879

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43
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Nucleus

A

Eukaryote

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44
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

1-10 micrometers in size

A

Prokaryote

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45
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Complex cell wall

A

Prokaryote

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46
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

One or more chromosome

A

Eukaryote

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47
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Vacuoles

A

Both

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48
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Golgi Apparatus

A

Eukaryote

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49
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Mitochondria

A

Eukaryote

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50
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Vesicles

A

Both

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51
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Circular DNA arrangement

A

Prokaryote

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52
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Smaller Ribosome

A

Prokaryote

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53
Q

State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both

Plasmid

A

Prokaryote

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54
Q

They are termed as suicidal bags due to their possession of hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acid.

A

Lysosomes

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55
Q

The Golgi apparatus is composed
of flat, disc shaped structures known as
____.

A

Cisternae

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56
Q

Prokaryotes (pro- = before)
came from the Latin pro,
meaning,

Etymology

A

“in favor of” or “on
behalf of”

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57
Q

Eukaryotes (karyon- = nucleus)
(eu- = true).

Etymology

A

“true kernel” or
“true nucleus”

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58
Q

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes share four common components:

A

-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes

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59
Q

These increase the surface area for
the absorption of nutrients and other
essential substances.

A

Microvilli

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60
Q

Prevents mucus, bacteria,
and dirt from entering the
lungs.

A

Cillia

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61
Q

Are tail-like structures that provide motility to cells.

A

Flagella

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62
Q

Cell junctions are found in ____ and are
mainly responsible for connecting adjacent cells.

A

Epithelial cells

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63
Q

Prevents leakage
of substances.

A

Tight junctions

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64
Q

Connect
adjacent cells.

A

Adherens
junctions

Answer can be Desmosome

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65
Q

Also connect
adjacent cells.

A

Desmosomes

Answer can be Adherens junctions

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66
Q

Serve as channels of ions, water and other essential substances.

A

Gap junctions

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67
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

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68
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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69
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

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70
Q

This blood cell lacks a mitochondria

A

Red blood cell

or Erythrocytes

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71
Q

Responsible for the body’s defenses.

A

White blood cells

or Leukocytes

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72
Q

Are the largest cells in the human body and are necessary for sexual reproduction.

A

Egg cell

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73
Q

These are epidermal outgrowths responsible for preventing insect attacks, shading leaves, and trapping insects.

A

Trichomes

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74
Q

Are tiny hair-like structures that originated from the epidermis of plants. These also facilitate the absorption of water from the substrate.

A

Root hairs

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75
Q

What layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?

A

Mesophyll layer

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76
Q

Determine if Xylem or Phloem

One-way(upward) flow

A

Xylem

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77
Q

Determine if Xylem or Phloem

Live cells with no nucleus

A

Phloem

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78
Q

Determine if Xylem or Phloem

Rich in lignin

A

Xylem

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79
Q

Determine if Xylem or Phloem

Perforated end walls

A

Phloem

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80
Q

Determine if Xylem or Phloem

Transports water and minerals

A

Xylem

81
Q

Responsible for sensation.

Cell modification

A

Stereocilia

82
Q

Are found in the growing areas of plants.

A

Meristematic tissues

83
Q

Are composed of nondividing cells.

Plant tissue

A

Permanent tissues

84
Q

Are responsible for the primary growth of plants.

A

Apical meristems

85
Q

Are responsible for the secondary growth of plants.

A

Lateral meristems

86
Q

Are composed of one
kind of cell.

A

Simple permanent tissues

87
Q

Are composed of two or
more kinds of cells.

A

Complex permanent tissue

88
Q

Covers the whole body of nonwoody
and young woody plants and is
protected by a waxy cuticle.

A

Epidermis

89
Q

Prevents loss of water and invasion of disease-causing microorganisms.

A

Cuticle

90
Q

Are specialized structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomata.

A

Guard cells

91
Q

Are slit-like structures on the lower epidermis of leaves which aids in the exchange of gases between plants and the environment.

A

Stomata

92
Q

Are mostly responsible for the synthesis and storage of plant food.

A

Parenchyma cells

93
Q

Provides a furnishing flexible support to immature parts of plants.

A

Collenchyma cells

94
Q

Sclerenchyma cell has two kinds,
namely ____ and ____.

A

Sclereids
Fibers

95
Q

Strengthens seed coats and are responsible
for gritty-textured flesh of some fruits, while fibers
are used commercially as components of making
rope and flax fibers.

A

Sclereids

96
Q

They have perforated plates that allow the transport of water through the vessels.

A

Xylem

97
Q

Composed of sieve-tube elements that help in the transport of nutrients throughout the plant’s body.

A

Phloem

98
Q

Primary growth is an increase in plant’s ____.

A

Height

99
Q

Secondary growth is an increase in plant’s ____ and ____.

A

Diameter
Girth

Girth is thickness

100
Q

Ground tissues are also called ____.

A

Fundamental tissues

These are the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

101
Q

These refer to groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function.

A

Tissue

102
Q

Is a type of animal tissue that forms the inner
and outer lining of organs, the covering
in surfaces, and the primary glandular
tissue of the body.

A

Epithelial tissue or epithelium

103
Q

One layer of epithelium

Epithelial tissue

A

“Simple”

For example: Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar

Could also be “Pseudostriated”

104
Q

More than one layer of epithelium

Epithelial tissue

A

“Stratified”

For example: Stratified cuboidal, Stratified squamous

Psuedostratified has only one layer, despite its appearance, hence its name.

105
Q

Flat, scale like

Epithelial tissue

A

“Squamous”

For example: Simple squamous, Stratified squamous

106
Q

Cube shaped

Epithelial tissue

A

“Cuboidal”

For example: Simple cuboidal, Stratified Cuboidal

107
Q

Elongated or column shaped

Epithelial tissue

A

“Columnar”

For example: Simple columnar, Stratified columnar

108
Q

Only one layer but looks like many.

Epithelial tissue

A

Pseudostratified

109
Q

Consists of bone cells called lacunae

A

Bone or osseous tissue

110
Q

More flexible matrix than bone and has cartilage cells called chondrocytes.

A

Cartilage

111
Q

This is a fibroblast or a fiber-forming cell.

A

Dense connective or dense fibrous tissue

112
Q

Attached to the skeleton or bones.

A

Skeletal Muscle

113
Q

Found in the walls of hollow organs such as intestines, stomach, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus.

A

Smooth Muscle

114
Q

Found in the heart

Muscular tissue

A

Cardiac Muscle

115
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system.

A

Neuron

116
Q

Area where sister chromatids are held together.

A

Centromere

117
Q

Each of a pair of identical DNA molecules after DNA replication; they are joined at the centromere.

A

Chromatid

118
Q

Fibers that attach to chromosomes.

A

Spindle fibers

119
Q

Forms the spindle fibers during cell division.

A

Centrioles

120
Q

Series of events that take place in
a cell leading to its division and duplication of its
DNA (DNA replication).

A

Cell Cycle

121
Q

This is the preparatory phase where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and replicates its DNA.

A

Interphase

122
Q

Three stages of the Interphase

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

123
Q

This is the phase where the cell divides its DNA into two identical sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.

A

Mitotic (M) phase

124
Q

The division of the nucleus and its DNA.

A

Mitosis

125
Q

The division of the cytoplasm.

A

Cytokinesis

126
Q

Mitosis occurs in what cell?

A

Somatic cells

127
Q

Meiosis occurs in what cells

A

Germ cells

128
Q

Haploid

Meaning

A

23 chromosomes

129
Q

Diploid

Meaning

A

46 chromosomes

130
Q

“Meiosis” in Greek means?

A

“lessening”

131
Q

Mitosis came from the Greek word “mitos” meaning?

A

“warp thread”

Coined by Walther Flemming in 1882

132
Q

Stage where chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope breaks down.

A

Prophase

Crossing over only happens in Meiosis I, not in Mitosis

133
Q

Stage that is essential for the proper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate.

A

Prometaphase

134
Q

Stage where chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell.

A

Metaphase

135
Q

Nuclear envelopes re-form around the chromosomes at each pole, and the cell divides into two.

A

Telophase

136
Q

Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

137
Q

Division of the Cytoplasm

A

Cytokinesis

138
Q

In what kind of cell does a cell plate form in the middle of the cell, dividing it into two daughter cells.

A

In plant cells

139
Q

In what kind of cell does a cleavage furrow form at the equator of the cell, gradually pinching the cell into two.

A

In animal cells

140
Q

The homologous chromosomes exchange parts of DNA with each other.

A

Crossing over

The points of physical contact from which the exchange happens are known as chiasmata

141
Q

Composed of four chromatids.

A

Tetrad

142
Q

Longest phase of meiotic division

A

Prophase I

143
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Nucleus divides twice

A

Meiosis

144
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Daughter cells are diploid

A

Mitosis

145
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Involved in genetic variations

A

Meiosis

146
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Increases number of somatic cells

A

Mitosis

147
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Malfunction results in cancer

A

Mitosis

148
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Daughter cells are haploid

A

Meiosis

149
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

4 daughter cells are produced

A

Meiosis

150
Q

Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis

Produces egg and sperm cells

A

Meiosis

151
Q

Bacteria have their own version of mitosis called…?

A

Binary fission

152
Q

What will form haploid spores under nutritional deprivation?

A

Budding yeast

152
Q

Uncontrolled mitosis occurs in…?

A

Cancer

152
Q

Errors in meiosis can lead to the wrong number of chromosomes ending up in germ cells, this is called…?

A

Aneuploidy

153
Q

Triggered by aneuploidy

A

Miscarriage

154
Q

The most well-known and devastating consequence of cell cycle malfunction .

A

Cancer

155
Q

A condition where an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes

A

Aneuploidy

156
Q

Common Types of Aneuploidy

A

Mosonomy
Trisomy

157
Q

Absence of one chromosome.

A

Monosomy

158
Q

Presence of Extra Chromosome

A

Trisomy

158
Q

What is the disorder?

Trisomy 21

A

Down Syndrome

159
Q

What is the disorder?

Trisomy 18

A

Edward’s Syndrome

160
Q

Are a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in cilia and flagella.

A

Ciliopathies

160
Q

What is the disorder?

Trisomy 13

A

Patau Syndrome

160
Q
A
160
Q

Most common feature of Turner syndrome

A

Short stature

161
Q

Examples of Neurodegenerative Diseases

A

Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease

161
Q

Disruptions in cell cycle regulation can also contribute to a
variety of other disorders, including…?

A

Infertility
Heart disease
Autoimmune diseases
Aging

162
Q

The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration.

A

Diffusion

163
Q

The movement of water from a
low concentration to high concentration.

A

Osmosis

164
Q

The difference in concentration between a region of high concentration and a region of lower concentration.

A

Concentration Gradient

165
Q

This method of transport does not require
cell energy.

A

Passive Transport

166
Q

This method of transport requires
cell energy.

A

Active Transport

167
Q

Active transportation requires cell energy in the form of what?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

168
Q

Examples of Passive Transport

A

Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.

169
Q

Examples of Active Transport

A

Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis

170
Q

Diffusion stops at ____ (when the concentrations across a membrane are equal).

A

Equilibrium

170
Q

The rate of transport(diffusion) is dependent on:

A
  • if the material is solid, liquid or gas.
  • the size of the molecules.
  • temperature
171
Q

____ and ____ in the
cell is maintained by osmosis.

A

Water transport
Turgor pressure

171
Q

Pressure against the cell membrane

A

Turgor Pressure

171
Q

There is an excess of water and the cell bursts.

A

Hypotonic

171
Q

There is not enough water and the cells shrivels.

A

Hypertonic

172
Q

The concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than inside the
cell.

A

Hypotonic Solutions

173
Q

Hypotonic solution causes an increase in pressure inside the cell: called ____ pressure (plants) or ____ pressure (animals).

A

Turgor
Osmotic

174
Q

The swelling and bursting of a cell

A

Cytolisis

174
Q

____ causes animal cells to shrivel up
and plants to wilt.

A

Plasmolysis

174
Q

The concentration of solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.

A

Hypertonic Solutions

175
Q

The concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell is the same.

A

Isotonic Solution

176
Q

What happens when you put a cell in distilled water?

A

Stiffens but generally retains shape

177
Q

Two Types of Equilibrium

A

Dynamic Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium

177
Q

What happens when you place a cell in a saline solution?

A

The cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall.

178
Q

Changes in the system are occurring, but at the same rate as one another.

Two Types of Equilibrium

A

Dynamic Equilibrium

179
Q

No change in the system
is occurring.

Two Types of Equilibrium

A

Static Equilibrium

179
Q

Diffusion always moves in what direction in the concentration gradient?

A

Down

180
Q

A process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole).

A

Endocytosis

181
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

182
Q

Cell eating

A

Phagocytosis

183
Q

A process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.

A

Exocytosis

Mondez (6 decks)

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