Q1 GENBIO(UPDATED) Flashcards
Who contributed the third point of the cell theory:
3. All new cells arise from existing cells.
Person
Rudolf Virchow
Who proposed the first two points:
1. All living things are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of life.
Two people
Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden
An ____ is a subcellular structure
that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell.
Organelle
Known as the cell’s “command center.”
Nucleus
DNA
Acronym
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Within the nucleus is a smaller structure
called the ____.
Nucleolus
Houses the
RNA.
Nucleolus
____ are the protein
factories of the cell.
Ribosomes
The ____ is
a membranous organelle.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Some portions of this are studded with ribosomes and are involved with ____ manufacturing.
Two answers
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Protein
The rest of
the Endoplasmic Reticulum is referred to as the
____ and serves to
produce vital ____.
Two answers
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lipids
If the proteins from the rough ER
require further modification, they
are transported to the ____ (or ____).
Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Complex
Serves as the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts contain a pigment known as ____.
Chlorophyll
The powerhouse of the cell.
Mitochondria
Transforms glucose into ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)
Mitochondria
Provides
mechanical support that
facilities the shape of the cell
while enclosing the cell and its
components from the external
environment.
Cell membrane
It regulates what can be allowed
to enter and exit the cell
through channels, acting as a
semi-permeable membrane.
Cell membrane
Made up of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and proteins.
Cell wall
Plant Cell
What is the cell wall made out of in fungal cells?
Chitin
Protects and maintains the shape of the cell.
Cell wall
Consists of a cylindrical
structure made with nine triplets
microtubules.
Centrioles
During cell division, centrioles have
a crucial role in forming ____.
Spindle fibers
They are also involved in the formation
of cilia and flagella.
Organelle
Centriole
Are tiny hair-like projections from the cell made of microtubules.
Cilia and Flagella
The most critical role of cilia and flagella.
Movement
Acts as a buffer and protects genetic materials.
Cytoplasm
Helps in the distribution of various nutrients and facilitates the movement of cell organelles within the cell.
Cytoplasm
Helps give shape to the cell while supporting cellular transport.
Cytoskeleton
Also involved in the intracellular and extracellular transport of materials.
Cytoskeleton
Involved in various cellular
processes, including secretion,
plasma membrane repair, cell
signaling, and energy metabolism.
Lysosome
Act as a storage for nutrients
as well as waste materials
Vacuole
Allow temporary storage of food
and also control the buoyancy of
the cell.
Vesicles
Double membrane-bound structures present in plants.
Plastids
Coined the term “cell” to
describe the tiny, box-like structures he saw.
Person and date
Robert Hooke in 1665
Improved microscope lenses, enabling him to observe living cells like bacteria and protozoa.
Person and date
Anton van Leeuwenhoek in 1674
Concluded that all
plant parts are
made of cells.
Person and date
Matthias Schleiden in 1838
Extended Schleiden’s observations to animals, proposing that all living things are composed of cells.
Theodor Schwann in 1839
“Omnis cellula e cellula”
Translation
All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Disproved spontaneous generation, supporting Virchow’s theory.
Person and date
Louis Pasteur in 1862
Discovered DNA within the nucleus, highlighting the importance of the cell nucleus.
Friedrich Miescher in 1869
Described the process of mitosis, the division of a cell into two daughter cells.
Walther Flemming in 1879
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Nucleus
Eukaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
1-10 micrometers in size
Prokaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Complex cell wall
Prokaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
One or more chromosome
Eukaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Vacuoles
Both
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Golgi Apparatus
Eukaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Mitochondria
Eukaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Vesicles
Both
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Circular DNA arrangement
Prokaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Smaller Ribosome
Prokaryote
State if attribute is present in prokaryote, eukaryote or both
Plasmid
Prokaryote
They are termed as suicidal bags due to their possession of hydrolytic enzymes capable of digesting proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acid.
Lysosomes
The Golgi apparatus is composed
of flat, disc shaped structures known as
____.
Cisternae
Prokaryotes (pro- = before)
came from the Latin pro,
meaning,
Etymology
“in favor of” or “on
behalf of”
Eukaryotes (karyon- = nucleus)
(eu- = true).
Etymology
“true kernel” or
“true nucleus”
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes share four common components:
-Plasma membrane
-Cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes
These increase the surface area for
the absorption of nutrients and other
essential substances.
Microvilli
Prevents mucus, bacteria,
and dirt from entering the
lungs.
Cillia
Are tail-like structures that provide motility to cells.
Flagella
Cell junctions are found in ____ and are
mainly responsible for connecting adjacent cells.
Epithelial cells
Prevents leakage
of substances.
Tight junctions
Connect
adjacent cells.
Adherens
junctions
Answer can be Desmosome
Also connect
adjacent cells.
Desmosomes
Answer can be Adherens junctions
Serve as channels of ions, water and other essential substances.
Gap junctions
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
Leukocytes
White blood cells
Thrombocytes
Platelets
This blood cell lacks a mitochondria
Red blood cell
or Erythrocytes
Responsible for the body’s defenses.
White blood cells
or Leukocytes
Are the largest cells in the human body and are necessary for sexual reproduction.
Egg cell
These are epidermal outgrowths responsible for preventing insect attacks, shading leaves, and trapping insects.
Trichomes
Are tiny hair-like structures that originated from the epidermis of plants. These also facilitate the absorption of water from the substrate.
Root hairs
What layer is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
Mesophyll layer
Determine if Xylem or Phloem
One-way(upward) flow
Xylem
Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Live cells with no nucleus
Phloem
Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Rich in lignin
Xylem
Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Perforated end walls
Phloem
Determine if Xylem or Phloem
Transports water and minerals
Xylem
Responsible for sensation.
Cell modification
Stereocilia
Are found in the growing areas of plants.
Meristematic tissues
Are composed of nondividing cells.
Plant tissue
Permanent tissues
Are responsible for the primary growth of plants.
Apical meristems
Are responsible for the secondary growth of plants.
Lateral meristems
Are composed of one
kind of cell.
Simple permanent tissues
Are composed of two or
more kinds of cells.
Complex permanent tissue
Covers the whole body of nonwoody
and young woody plants and is
protected by a waxy cuticle.
Epidermis
Prevents loss of water and invasion of disease-causing microorganisms.
Cuticle
Are specialized structures that regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
Guard cells
Are slit-like structures on the lower epidermis of leaves which aids in the exchange of gases between plants and the environment.
Stomata
Are mostly responsible for the synthesis and storage of plant food.
Parenchyma cells
Provides a furnishing flexible support to immature parts of plants.
Collenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma cell has two kinds,
namely ____ and ____.
Sclereids
Fibers
Strengthens seed coats and are responsible
for gritty-textured flesh of some fruits, while fibers
are used commercially as components of making
rope and flax fibers.
Sclereids
They have perforated plates that allow the transport of water through the vessels.
Xylem
Composed of sieve-tube elements that help in the transport of nutrients throughout the plant’s body.
Phloem
Primary growth is an increase in plant’s ____.
Height
Secondary growth is an increase in plant’s ____ and ____.
Diameter
Girth
Girth is thickness
Ground tissues are also called ____.
Fundamental tissues
These are the parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
These refer to groups of cells that are
similar in structure and function.
Tissue
Is a type of animal tissue that forms the inner
and outer lining of organs, the covering
in surfaces, and the primary glandular
tissue of the body.
Epithelial tissue or epithelium
“Simple”
For example: Simple cuboidal, Simple columnar
Could also be “Pseudostriated”
More than one layer of epithelium
Epithelial tissue
“Stratified”
For example: Stratified cuboidal, Stratified squamous
Psuedostratified has only one layer, despite its appearance, hence its name.
Flat, scale like
Epithelial tissue
“Squamous”
For example: Simple squamous, Stratified squamous
Cube shaped
Epithelial tissue
“Cuboidal”
For example: Simple cuboidal, Stratified Cuboidal
Elongated or column shaped
Epithelial tissue
“Columnar”
For example: Simple columnar, Stratified columnar
Only one layer but looks like many.
Epithelial tissue
Pseudostratified
Consists of bone cells called lacunae
Bone or osseous tissue
More flexible matrix than bone and has cartilage cells called chondrocytes.
Cartilage
This is a fibroblast or a fiber-forming cell.
Dense connective or dense fibrous tissue
Attached to the skeleton or bones.
Skeletal Muscle
Found in the walls of hollow organs such as intestines, stomach, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus.
Smooth Muscle
Found in the heart
Muscular tissue
Cardiac Muscle
The basic unit of the nervous system.
Neuron
Area where sister chromatids are held together.
Centromere
Each of a pair of identical DNA molecules after DNA replication; they are joined at the centromere.
Chromatid
Fibers that attach to chromosomes.
Spindle fibers
Forms the spindle fibers during cell division.
Centrioles
Series of events that take place in
a cell leading to its division and duplication of its
DNA (DNA replication).
Cell Cycle
This is the preparatory phase where the cell grows, synthesizes proteins, and replicates its DNA.
Interphase
Three stages of the Interphase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
This is the phase where the cell divides its DNA into two identical sets and divides its cytoplasm, forming two daughter cells.
Mitotic (M) phase
The division of the nucleus and its DNA.
Mitosis
The division of the cytoplasm.
Cytokinesis
Mitosis occurs in what cell?
Somatic cells
Meiosis occurs in what cells
Germ cells
Haploid
Meaning
23 chromosomes
Diploid
Meaning
46 chromosomes
“Meiosis” in Greek means?
“lessening”
Mitosis came from the Greek word “mitos” meaning?
“warp thread”
Coined by Walther Flemming in 1882
Stage where chromosomes condense and become visible, while the nuclear envelope breaks down.
Prophase
Crossing over only happens in Meiosis I, not in Mitosis
Stage that is essential for the proper alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate.
Prometaphase
Stage where chromosomes line up at the middle of the cell.
Metaphase
Nuclear envelopes re-form around the chromosomes at each pole, and the cell divides into two.
Telophase
Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
Division of the Cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
In what kind of cell does a cell plate form in the middle of the cell, dividing it into two daughter cells.
In plant cells
In what kind of cell does a cleavage furrow form at the equator of the cell, gradually pinching the cell into two.
In animal cells
The homologous chromosomes exchange parts of DNA with each other.
Crossing over
The points of physical contact from which the exchange happens are known as chiasmata
Composed of four chromatids.
Tetrad
Longest phase of meiotic division
Prophase I
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Nucleus divides twice
Meiosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Daughter cells are diploid
Mitosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Involved in genetic variations
Meiosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Increases number of somatic cells
Mitosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Malfunction results in cancer
Mitosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Daughter cells are haploid
Meiosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
4 daughter cells are produced
Meiosis
Determine if Mitosis or Meiosis
Produces egg and sperm cells
Meiosis
Bacteria have their own version of mitosis called…?
Binary fission
What will form haploid spores under nutritional deprivation?
Budding yeast
Uncontrolled mitosis occurs in…?
Cancer
Errors in meiosis can lead to the wrong number of chromosomes ending up in germ cells, this is called…?
Aneuploidy
Triggered by aneuploidy
Miscarriage
The most well-known and devastating consequence of cell cycle malfunction .
Cancer
A condition where an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes
Aneuploidy
Common Types of Aneuploidy
Mosonomy
Trisomy
Absence of one chromosome.
Monosomy
Presence of Extra Chromosome
Trisomy
What is the disorder?
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
What is the disorder?
Trisomy 18
Edward’s Syndrome
Are a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in cilia and flagella.
Ciliopathies
What is the disorder?
Trisomy 13
Patau Syndrome
Most common feature of Turner syndrome
Short stature
Examples of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Disruptions in cell cycle regulation can also contribute to a
variety of other disorders, including…?
Infertility
Heart disease
Autoimmune diseases
Aging
The movement of a substance from a high concentration to a low concentration.
Diffusion
The movement of water from a
low concentration to high concentration.
Osmosis
The difference in concentration between a region of high concentration and a region of lower concentration.
Concentration Gradient
This method of transport does not require
cell energy.
Passive Transport
This method of transport requires
cell energy.
Active Transport
Active transportation requires cell energy in the form of what?
Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)
Examples of Passive Transport
Diffusion, Facilitated diffusion and Osmosis.
Examples of Active Transport
Carrier mediated active transport, Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Diffusion stops at ____ (when the concentrations across a membrane are equal).
Equilibrium
The rate of transport(diffusion) is dependent on:
- if the material is solid, liquid or gas.
- the size of the molecules.
- temperature
____ and ____ in the
cell is maintained by osmosis.
Water transport
Turgor pressure
Pressure against the cell membrane
Turgor Pressure
There is an excess of water and the cell bursts.
Hypotonic
There is not enough water and the cells shrivels.
Hypertonic
The concentration of solute is lower outside the cell than inside the
cell.
Hypotonic Solutions
Hypotonic solution causes an increase in pressure inside the cell: called ____ pressure (plants) or ____ pressure (animals).
Turgor
Osmotic
The swelling and bursting of a cell
Cytolisis
____ causes animal cells to shrivel up
and plants to wilt.
Plasmolysis
The concentration of solute is higher outside the cell than inside the cell.
Hypertonic Solutions
The concentration of solute inside and outside of the cell is the same.
Isotonic Solution
What happens when you put a cell in distilled water?
Stiffens but generally retains shape
Two Types of Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
What happens when you place a cell in a saline solution?
The cell body shrinks and pulls away from the cell wall.
Changes in the system are occurring, but at the same rate as one another.
Two Types of Equilibrium
Dynamic Equilibrium
No change in the system
is occurring.
Two Types of Equilibrium
Static Equilibrium
Diffusion always moves in what direction in the concentration gradient?
Down
A process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane (usually putting them into a vacuole).
Endocytosis
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
Cell eating
Phagocytosis
A process in which the membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell.
Exocytosis
