Q1 EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards
Too little/No atmosphere means…?
Small planets and moons have insufficient gravity to hold atmosphere
What does this mean? Actually, every object in the universe(even you) has gravity. It just depends on the mass, the more mass an object has, the more gravity it has. That’s why walking on the moon feels “floaty,” it has lesser mass than earth.
Don’t memorize. Understand.
Composition of the Atmosphere
Subsystems of the Earth
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gas
Oxygen is highly reactive(very flammable in pure form), that’s why most of the atmosphere is Nitrogen to dilute the concentration of Oxygen in the atmosphere.
Kaya nga natin pinapaypayan ang baga para lumakas ang apoy diba?
We basically “feed” oxygen to the fire.
Don’t memorize. Understand.
Subsystems of the Earth
Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere
Terrestrial Planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore
Gas Giant Planets
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore
Factors that make the Earth habitable
Temperature
Water
Atmosphere
Energy
Nutrients
The only planet that harbors life
Earth
Earth has an ____ outer core which gives rise to an extensive ____
Iron-nickel
Magnetic Field
This is due to the “Dynamo” effect(not necessary, just a fyi). The inner core is solid.
Low temperature of a planet results in what?
Slow chemical reactions and frozen water
This would make the planet uninhabitable.
High temperature of a planet results in what?
Evaporation of water
Too little sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?
Chemical organisms die due to insufficient energy
Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,
No sunlight > No energy > No nutrients > Chemical Organisms die(aka us)
Too much sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?
High temperatures and too much Ultraviolet radiation.
Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,
Too much sunlight > High temperatures > We die
Absence of this will interfere reactions necessary to life.
Water
Provides significant insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium meteorites.
Atmosphere
To elaborate in simpler terms: Part of the atmosphere(the ozone layer) blocks most of the Ultraviolet light emitted by the sun(too much of this causes cancer). And due to the atmosphere, small to medium meteorites burn up before ever hitting the ground.
Too much atmosphere means…?
The atmosphere is made of entirely greenhouse gases, making the surface too hot for life to exist.
Layers of Atmosphere
(highest to lowest in terms of altitude)
* Exosphere (highest layer)
* Thermosphere (300 miles high)
* Mesosphere (58 miles high)
* Stratosphere (31 miles high)
* Troposphere (lowest layer)
An essential factor used to build and maintain organisms.
Nutrients
Who said this?
“A system is a set of related components that work together in a particular environment to perform what ever function are required to achieve the system’s objective.”
Donella Meadows
Enviromental Scientist
The Greek word “atmos” means…?
Etymology
gas
The word “sphaira” means…?
globe/ball
The gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface.
Subsystems of Earth
Atmosphere
Consists of the Entire planet from the crust to the center.
Subsystems of Earth
Geosphere
The word “bios” means…?
Etymology
life
Zone of the Earth where all forms of life exist
Subsystems of Earth
Biosphere
Water part of the Earth that includes the liquid and gaseous water in the planet.
Subsystems of Earth
Hydrosphere
Minerals are/have:
Naturally occuring
Inorganic
Homogenous
a Crystalline structure
Are naturally occuring, inorganic and homogenous solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.
Mineral
A person who studies minerals
Mineralogist
The study of all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition and internal structure.
Mineralogy
A product of earth’s natural processes.
Characteristics of Minerals
Minerals are naturally occuring
Definite chemical composition represented by a chemical formula.
Characteristics of Minerals
Minerals have a crystalline structure
The object is not alive, and was not a part of anything that was alive.
Characteristics of Minerals
Minerals are inorganic
Physical and chemical uniform down to the atomic level.
Characteristics of Minerals
Minerals are homogenous
Friedrich Mohs Invented what..?
Mohs Scale of Hardness
Different Properties of Minerals
The Categories
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Defined as a characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample.
Different Properties of Minerals
Physical Property
To explain, let me give an example. Freezing water only turns it into ice, it’s still water chemically(H2O) but now has changed physically(in solid form). You can still turn ice into water through melting because only the physical property has changed.
This is a physical property of water.
Don’t memorize. Understand.
A specific characteristic of a substance like an element or a compound, relating to how it can change as a result of a reaction.
Different Properties of Minerals
Chemical Property
To explain, let me give an example. Burning wood turns it into ash, it’s still physically a solid(powderized but still a solid), but has changed chemically(ash). You can’t turn ash into wood anymore unlike turning ice into water.
This is a chemical property of wood.
Don’t memorize. Understand.
Overall shape/growth pattern of mineral
Physical Properties of Minerals
Crystal Habit
3 Crystal Habits of Minerals
Physical Properties of Minerals
Equant
Elongate
Platy
Three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a cube or sphere
Crystal Habits
Equant
Tip: Equant just means equal. Same length all over the mineral.
Forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than the needle a pencil.
Crystal Habits
Elongate
Looks like a flattened and thin crystal.
Crystal Habits
Platy
Appearance of mineral when light is reflected from its surface. Can be described as opaque,
Physical Properties of Minerals
Luster
Basically, “kintab”
2 Kinds of Luster
Metallic Luster
Nonmetallic Luster
It is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver.
2 Kinds of Luster
Metallic Luster
It is dull, silky, gleasy, pearly like silicates.
2 Kinds of Luster
Nonmetallic Luster
Tendency of minerals to break along the very smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces.
Cleavage and fracture
Measure of the minerals resistance to scratching.
Hardness
One of the most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone.
Color
This unreliability stems from the fact that minerals vary widely in color, and the fact that the color of minerals differ depending on how light hits it.
Color of mineral in powdered form
Physical Properties of Minerals
Streak
Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet.
Additional Properties of Minerals
Magnetism
Some minerals, especially carbohydrates, react visibly with acid.
Additional Properties of Minerals
Reaction with Acid
Presence of very thin, parallel grooves in minerals.
Additional Properties of Minerals
Striations
These striations are only present in only one of two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a handlens(magnifying glass).
It is the weight of a mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water.
Additional Properties of Minerals
Specific gravity
The gravity of water is exactly 1.0 by definition
Some minerals have a distinctive taste, odor, and feel.
Additional Properties of Minerals
Taste, Odor and, Feel
This system divides minerals into classes according to their chemical composition.
Dana System
Classification of Minerals
Native Elements
Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
Phosphates
Mineraloid
Note: Native elements are only made up of one element(Ex: Gold, Silver), while the others are a combination of different elements.
Answer and give an example.
These minerals are naturally occuring in nature.
Classification of Minerals
Native Elements
Silver(Or any metal, metalloid, and nonmetal)
Tip: These minerals are made up of only one single element.
Answer and give an example.
The largest group of minerals. Contains silicon and oxygen, with some aluminum, magnesium, iron, and calcium
Classification of Minerals
Silicates
Feldspar
Answer and give an example.
Formed from the combination of a metal with oxygen.
Classification of Minerals
Oxides
Magnetite
Answer and give an example.
These are made of compound of sulfur usually with a metal. They tend to be heavy and brittle.
Classification of Minerals
Sulfides
Pyrite
Tip: The difference between Sulfide and Sulfate is that Sulfides do not have an oxygen atom.
Answer and give an example.
These are made up of compound of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen. They tend to be soft and translucent.
Classification of Minerals
Sulfate
Tip: The difference between Sulfate and Sulfide is that Sulfate has oxygen atoms.
Answer and give an example.
They form from halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine combined with metallic elements. They are soft and easily dissolved in water.
Classification of Minerals
Halide
Table Salt
Note: Table salt is considered a halide because it contains Chlorine in its formula, NaCl.
Answer and give an example.
These are a group of minerals made of carbon, oxygen and a metallic element.
Classification of Minerals
Carbonates
Dolomite
Answer and give an example.
They are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering and are often brightly colored.
Classification of Minerals
Phosphates
Apatite
Answer and give an example.
Term used for substances that do not fit into the other eight classes of minerals.
Classification of Minerals
Mineraloid
Amber
Amber isn’t a mineral, but hardened tree resin.
The scientific study of rocks
Classification of Rocks
Petrology
A person(geologist) who specializes in petrology
Petrologist
Are combination of minerals that are bonded together in some way.
Rocks
Note: All rocks are made up of minerals.
Rocks that contain one mineral
Monomineralic
Rocks that contain more than one mineral
Polymineralic
3 Types of Rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Comes from molten rocks that cool and harden.
Igneous rocks
Formed from sediments(pieces of other rocks) that are cemented together
Sedimentary rocks
Formed when old rocks change from heat and pressure
Metamorphic rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Intrusive/Plutonic
Extrusive/Volcanic rock
- from magma
- cooled and solidified slowly deep underground
- large/coarse grained crystal size.
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Intrusive/Plutonic
- formed from lava
- cooled and hardened quickly at or near the surface of the Earth
- small/fine grained or no crystal
Classification of Igneous Rocks
Extrusive/Volcanic rock
Igneous rocks can be…?
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color
Felsic
Mafic
Intermediate
Ultramafic
Light colored rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color
Felsic
Dark colored rocks
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color
Mafic
Between mafic and felsic in color
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color
Intermediate
Very dark rock
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color
Ultramafic
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Aphanistic
Phaneritic
Porphyritic
Glassy
Pyroclastic
Fine grained
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Aphanitic
To clarify, the spelling is actually Aphanitic and not Aphanistic(according to a quick google search).
Coarse grained
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Phaneritic
Large crystal with small crystal
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Porphyritic
Noncolored solid from rapid quenching
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Glassy
Composite of ejected fragments
Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture
Pyroclastic
This rock comes from a latin word meaning “very hard stone”
Types of Igneous Rocks
Basalt
Basalt comes from a latin word meaning “____”
Types of Igneous Rocks
“very hard stone”
Most abundant igneous rocks
Types of Igneous Rocks
Granite
This rock is often transparent, an odorless solid that separates into flakes or thin sheets.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Mica white
Are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Pumice
This rock is so light it floats in water
One of the most common minerals in the Earth’s crust
Types of Igneous Rocks
Quartz
An extrusive igneous rock with a very high silica content
Types of Igneous Rocks
Rhyolite
This rock is usually pink or gray in color.
Are usually formed in a watery environment. Often layered, the only rocks that contain fossils.
Sedimentary rocks
Fragments cemented together and includes the sediments.
Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic rocks
Contains remains of living things
Sedimentary Rocks
Organic rocks
Fossil fuels formed from plant remains in swampy areas.
Sedimentary Rocks
Bituminous coal
Made from the mineral calcite and fragments of shells.
Sedimentary Rocks
Limestone
These are rocks that have morphed into another kind of rocks. The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change.
Metamorphic rocks
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated
Non-foliated
It is a “change of minerals” or geologic texture in pre-existing rock without the ____ melting into liquid magma.
Metamorphism
Protolith
Mineral crystals are aligned, or arranged in bands or layers.
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated
Mineral crystals do not have mineral crystals arranged in bands of layers
Classification of Metamorphic Rocks
Non-foliated
Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become igneous rock.
melting
solidification
Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become sedimentary rock.
Rock Cycle
weathering
erosion
Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become metamorphic rocks.
Rock Cycle
heat
pressure
Toothpaste contains what…?
Minerals Important to Society
fluoride from fluorite mineral
The softest mineral
Minerals Important to Society
Talc
Face powder once was made from…?
Minerals Important to Society
Talc
Although it was banned because it had asbestos which was carcinogenic
Used as components of gadgets like cellphones and computers
Minerals Important to Society
Silicon, Gold, Silver
Most used electrical wiring because it is inexpensive
Minerals Important to Society
Copper
A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete
Minerals Important to Society
Ironsteel
What is ironsteel made of?
A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete.
What does concrete contain?
Limestone, Lime, and Chalk
This common building material contains limestone, lime, and chalk
Minerals Important to Society
Concrete
Skyscrapers also use glass made of…?
Minerals Important to Society
mainly of Quartz and Silica
Used as flooring
Minerals Important to Society
Granite and Marble
Used in window and door panels
Minerals Important to Society
Aluminum
A strong but very light mineral used in teeth transplants.
Minerals Important to Society
Titanium
What are the properties of Titanium?
Minerals Important to Society
It is strong but also very light.
What is stainless steel made out of?
Minerals Important to Society
Iron, Chromium and Carbon
Minerals that make us strong
Minerals Important to Society
Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc
Used in plaster casts
Minerals Important to Society
Gypsum
This mineral is used to fuel nuclear power plants.
Minerals Important to Society
Uranium
Extra info: Although not stated in the lesson. Plutonium can also be used as fuel.
This mineral is used to generate electricity in some thermal power plants
Minerals Important to Society
Coal
Batteries for electric cars need minerals like…?
Minerals Important to Society
nickel, copper, and lithium.
Extra info: Not only electric cars, but every battery used in daily life contains lithium.
NPK Fertilizers contain these minerals for the plant to grow healthy
Minerals Important to Society
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium
Tip: the letters in NPK are the atomic symbols of the minerals above.
N for Nitrogen, P for Phosphorus, and K for Potassium.
This mineral is also used to lower the acidity of soil
Minerals Important to Society
Lime
What does lime do to soil?
Minerals Important to Society
lowers its acidity
Maintains a healthy immune system
Minerals Important to Society
Zinc
This metallic mineral is used as plating material for peacemakers, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune disorders and cancer patients.
Minerals Important to Society
Gold
What disorders does Gold treat?
Minerals Important to Society
Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders, and cancer.
Used as a fertilizer to encourage water retention in plants. Increases crop yields, improves taste and help plants resist disease
Minerals Important to Society
Potash
Potash comes from the combinations of two words pot, and ash. Farmers would mix plant ash and water into a pot, and after they boiled it, the leftover substance would be potash, which contained…. you guessed it, Potassium!
Used to produce fertilizers and also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, and cosmetics
Minerals Important to Society
Phosphates
To differentiate, Phosphorus is a single atom, which is found everywhere and is highly reactive. Phosphates is a single Phosphorus atom bonded with Oxygen molecules
To summarize, Phosphorus is the element, Phosphate is the compound.
World’s main source of Aluminum and Gallium
Minerals Important to Society
Bauxite
Used in the pulp, paper, and board industry
Minerals Important to Society
Talc
Second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust, after ____
Two answers
Quartz
Feldspar
Without this, soil would be incapable of holding elements like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which are necessary for plant growth.
Minerals Important to Society
Clay
To make it clear, Lime is used to lower soil acidity. Clay allows soil to hold NPK
Talc might contain what carcinogen?
Minerals Important to Society
Asbestos
Overuse of this causes eutrophication of bodies of water.
Minerals Important to Society
Synthetic fertilizer
To explain in simpler terms, eutrophication is the process where water is overly enriched with nutrients(NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium).
Why does this matter? Remember how these minerals are used to make plants grow? These nutrients help algae bloom super fast and now there’s many of them.
When they die, bacteria consume them, requiring tons of oxygen to do so, which leaves the aquatic animals without oxygen.
Burning of coals release what?
Minerals Important to Society
High amounts of Carbon Dioxide
What special property of Uranium makes it dangerous?
Minerals Important to Society
Its radioactivity
A rock that contains minerals with useful elements
Ore
The process by which a deposit of ore is created.
Ore genesis
Tip: Genesis means “beginning” which may help you remember the answer. Basically the “beginning of ore”
Three Major Types of Ore Genesis
Internal Processes
Hydrothermal Processes
Surficial Processes
Includes geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface
Three Major Types of Ore Genesis
Internal Processes
Happens when seawater circulates through cracks on Earth’s surface and deposits minerals in the ore around hydrothermal vents.
Three Major Types of Ore Genesis
Hydrothermal Processes
Ore can accumulate through processes that happen on the surface of Earth.
Three Major Types of Ore Genesis
Surficial Processes
Tip: Surficial means relating to the surface.
Process of mineral extraction from a rock or ore.
Mining
Methods of Mining:
Surface Mining
Underground Mining
Dredging
Used to extract minerals near the surface of the Earth through Blasting.
Methods of Mining
Surface Mining
Blasting is basically… blowing up dynamite to extract the minerals
Fun fact(totally unrelated just skip reading this if you don’t want): Alfred Nobel, the creator of the Nobel Peace Prize, invented dynamite for mining.
- most common type of mining
- big hole or a pit
- used to mine gravel
Surface Mining
Open-pit Mining
Involves the removal of a thin strip of over burden Earth soil.
Surface Mining
Strip Mining
Used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth’s surface.
Methods of Mining
Underground Mining
The process of mining minerals from the bottom of a body of water.
Methods of Mining
Dredging
The process of extracing minerals from the ore and refining and preparing them for mineral use.
Mining Processing
Mining Processing:
In order
(In order)
Sampling
Analysis
Comminution
Concentration
Dewatering
Removal of a portion
Mining Processing
Sampling
Evaluate the valuable component in the ore.
Mining Processing
Analysis
Seperated through crushing and grinding
Mining Processing
Comminution
Separation of valuable minerals to raw minerals.
Mining Processing
Concentration
Used concentration to convert to a reusable mineral. Including filtration.
Mining Processing
Dewatering
Are basically remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.
Fossil Fuels Formation
Fossil Fuels
Three Types of Fossil Fuels
Fossil Fuels Formation
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Found predominantly where forest trees, plants, and marshes existed before being burned.
Fossil Fuels Formation
Coal
Extra unrelated info: The period that the question refers to was the Carboniferous Period. 300 million years ago, huge plants and trees populated Earth due to the marshy and oxygen-rich environment, which encouraged growth among the flora.
Once they died off, they got buried into the Earth and slowly turned into… coal! Most of the coal we mine today come from this period, which makes coal non-renewable, as we cannot replicate these conditions anymore.
Four Major Ranks of Coal
In order from best to worst
Anthracite
Bituminous Coal
Subbituminous Coal
Lignite
It is hard, brittle and black lustrous coal.
Four Major Ranks of Coal
Anthracite
It is black and color and dull.
Four Major Ranks of Coal
Subbituminous Coal
High heating value and is the most common
Four Major Ranks of Coal
Bituminous Coal
It is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes.
Fossil Fuels Formation
Oil
Also known as brown coal.
Four Major Ranks of Coal
Lignite
Coal with least concentration of carbon.
Four Major Ranks of Coal
Lignite
Oil Firms in the Philippines
Fossil Fuels Formation
Shell, Caltex, Petron, Chevron
Naturally occuring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of Methane.
Fossil Fuels Formation
Natural Gas
Earth’s cleanest fossil fuels
Fossil Fuels Formation
Natural Gas
Fossil fuel produced by sedimentary rocks
Fossil Fuels Formation
Natural Gas
