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Mondez > Q1 EARTH SCIENCE > Flashcards

Q1 EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

Too little/No atmosphere means…?

A

Small planets and moons have insufficient gravity to hold atmosphere

What does this mean? Actually, every object in the universe(even you) has gravity. It just depends on the mass, the more mass an object has, the more gravity it has. That’s why walking on the moon feels “floaty,” it has lesser mass than earth.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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2
Q

Composition of the Atmosphere

Subsystems of the Earth

A

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gas

Oxygen is highly reactive(very flammable in pure form), that’s why most of the atmosphere is Nitrogen to dilute the concentration of Oxygen in the atmosphere.

Kaya nga natin pinapaypayan ang baga para lumakas ang apoy diba?
We basically “feed” oxygen to the fire.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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3
Q

Subsystems of the Earth

A

Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere

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4
Q

Terrestrial Planets

A

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore

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5
Q

Gas Giant Planets

A

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore

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6
Q

Factors that make the Earth habitable

A

Temperature
Water
Atmosphere
Energy
Nutrients

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7
Q

The only planet that harbors life

A

Earth

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8
Q

Earth has an ____ outer core which gives rise to an extensive ____

A

Iron-nickel
Magnetic Field

This is due to the “Dynamo” effect(not necessary, just a fyi). The inner core is solid.

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9
Q

Low temperature of a planet results in what?

A

Slow chemical reactions and frozen water

This would make the planet uninhabitable.

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10
Q

High temperature of a planet results in what?

A

Evaporation of water

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11
Q

Too little sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?

A

Chemical organisms die due to insufficient energy

Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,

No sunlight > No energy > No nutrients > Chemical Organisms die(aka us)

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12
Q

Too much sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?

A

High temperatures and too much Ultraviolet radiation.

Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,

Too much sunlight > High temperatures > We die

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13
Q

Absence of this will interfere reactions necessary to life.

A

Water

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14
Q

Provides significant insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium meteorites.

A

Atmosphere

To elaborate in simpler terms: Part of the atmosphere(the ozone layer) blocks most of the Ultraviolet light emitted by the sun(too much of this causes cancer). And due to the atmosphere, small to medium meteorites burn up before ever hitting the ground.

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15
Q

Too much atmosphere means…?

A

The atmosphere is made of entirely greenhouse gases, making the surface too hot for life to exist.

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16
Q

Layers of Atmosphere

A

(highest to lowest in terms of altitude)
* Exosphere (highest layer)
* Thermosphere (300 miles high)
* Mesosphere (58 miles high)
* Stratosphere (31 miles high)
* Troposphere (lowest layer)

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17
Q

An essential factor used to build and maintain organisms.

A

Nutrients

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18
Q

Who said this?

“A system is a set of related components that work together in a particular environment to perform what ever function are required to achieve the system’s objective.”

A

Donella Meadows

Enviromental Scientist

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19
Q

The Greek word “atmos” means…?

Etymology

A

gas

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20
Q

The word “sphaira” means…?

A

globe/ball

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21
Q

The gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface.

Subsystems of Earth

A

Atmosphere

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22
Q

Consists of the Entire planet from the crust to the center.

Subsystems of Earth

A

Geosphere

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23
Q

The word “bios” means…?

Etymology

A

life

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24
Q

Zone of the Earth where all forms of life exist

Subsystems of Earth

A

Biosphere

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25
Q

Water part of the Earth that includes the liquid and gaseous water in the planet.

Subsystems of Earth

A

Hydrosphere

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26
Q

Minerals are/have:

A

Naturally occuring
Inorganic
Homogenous
a Crystalline structure

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27
Q

Are naturally occuring, inorganic and homogenous solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

A

Mineral

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28
Q

A person who studies minerals

A

Mineralogist

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29
Q

The study of all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition and internal structure.

A

Mineralogy

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30
Q

A product of earth’s natural processes.

Characteristics of Minerals

A

Minerals are naturally occuring

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31
Q

Definite chemical composition represented by a chemical formula.

Characteristics of Minerals

A

Minerals have a crystalline structure

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32
Q

The object is not alive, and was not a part of anything that was alive.

Characteristics of Minerals

A

Minerals are inorganic

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33
Q

Physical and chemical uniform down to the atomic level.

Characteristics of Minerals

A

Minerals are homogenous

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34
Q

Friedrich Mohs Invented what..?

A

Mohs Scale of Hardness

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35
Q

Different Properties of Minerals

The Categories

A

Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

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36
Q

Defined as a characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample.

Different Properties of Minerals

A

Physical Property

To explain, let me give an example. Freezing water only turns it into ice, it’s still water chemically(H2O) but now has changed physically(in solid form). You can still turn ice into water through melting because only the physical property has changed.

This is a physical property of water.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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37
Q

A specific characteristic of a substance like an element or a compound, relating to how it can change as a result of a reaction.

Different Properties of Minerals

A

Chemical Property

To explain, let me give an example. Burning wood turns it into ash, it’s still physically a solid(powderized but still a solid), but has changed chemically(ash). You can’t turn ash into wood anymore unlike turning ice into water.

This is a chemical property of wood.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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38
Q

Overall shape/growth pattern of mineral

Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Crystal Habit

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39
Q

3 Crystal Habits of Minerals

Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Equant
Elongate
Platy

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40
Q

Three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a cube or sphere

Crystal Habits

A

Equant

Tip: Equant just means equal. Same length all over the mineral.

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41
Q

Forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than the needle a pencil.

Crystal Habits

A

Elongate

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42
Q

Looks like a flattened and thin crystal.

Crystal Habits

A

Platy

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43
Q

Appearance of mineral when light is reflected from its surface. Can be described as opaque,

Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Luster

Basically, “kintab”

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44
Q

2 Kinds of Luster

A

Metallic Luster
Nonmetallic Luster

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45
Q

It is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver.

2 Kinds of Luster

A

Metallic Luster

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46
Q

It is dull, silky, gleasy, pearly like silicates.

2 Kinds of Luster

A

Nonmetallic Luster

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47
Q

Tendency of minerals to break along the very smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces.

A

Cleavage and fracture

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48
Q

Measure of the minerals resistance to scratching.

A

Hardness

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49
Q

One of the most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone.

A

Color

This unreliability stems from the fact that minerals vary widely in color, and the fact that the color of minerals differ depending on how light hits it.

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50
Q

Color of mineral in powdered form

Physical Properties of Minerals

A

Streak

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51
Q

Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet.

Additional Properties of Minerals

A

Magnetism

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52
Q

Some minerals, especially carbohydrates, react visibly with acid.

Additional Properties of Minerals

A

Reaction with Acid

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53
Q

Presence of very thin, parallel grooves in minerals.

Additional Properties of Minerals

A

Striations

These striations are only present in only one of two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a handlens(magnifying glass).

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54
Q

It is the weight of a mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water.

Additional Properties of Minerals

A

Specific gravity

The gravity of water is exactly 1.0 by definition

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55
Q

Some minerals have a distinctive taste, odor, and feel.

Additional Properties of Minerals

A

Taste, Odor and, Feel

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56
Q

This system divides minerals into classes according to their chemical composition.

A

Dana System

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57
Q

Classification of Minerals

A

Native Elements
Silicates
Oxides
Sulfides
Sulfates
Halides
Carbonates
Phosphates
Mineraloid

Note: Native elements are only made up of one element(Ex: Gold, Silver), while the others are a combination of different elements.

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58
Q

Answer and give an example.

These minerals are naturally occuring in nature.

Classification of Minerals

A

Native Elements
Silver(Or any metal, metalloid, and nonmetal)

Tip: These minerals are made up of only one single element.

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59
Q

Answer and give an example.

The largest group of minerals. Contains silicon and oxygen, with some aluminum, magnesium, iron, and calcium

Classification of Minerals

A

Silicates
Feldspar

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60
Q

Answer and give an example.

Formed from the combination of a metal with oxygen.

Classification of Minerals

A

Oxides

Magnetite

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61
Q

Answer and give an example.

These are made of compound of sulfur usually with a metal. They tend to be heavy and brittle.

Classification of Minerals

A

Sulfides

Pyrite

Tip: The difference between Sulfide and Sulfate is that Sulfides do not have an oxygen atom.

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62
Q

Answer and give an example.

These are made up of compound of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen. They tend to be soft and translucent.

Classification of Minerals

A

Sulfate

Tip: The difference between Sulfate and Sulfide is that Sulfate has oxygen atoms.

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63
Q

Answer and give an example.

They form from halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine combined with metallic elements. They are soft and easily dissolved in water.

Classification of Minerals

A

Halide
Table Salt

Note: Table salt is considered a halide because it contains Chlorine in its formula, NaCl.

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64
Q

Answer and give an example.

These are a group of minerals made of carbon, oxygen and a metallic element.

Classification of Minerals

A

Carbonates
Dolomite

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65
Q

Answer and give an example.

They are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering and are often brightly colored.

Classification of Minerals

A

Phosphates
Apatite

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66
Q

Answer and give an example.

Term used for substances that do not fit into the other eight classes of minerals.

Classification of Minerals

A

Mineraloid
Amber

Amber isn’t a mineral, but hardened tree resin.

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67
Q

The scientific study of rocks

Classification of Rocks

A

Petrology

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68
Q

A person(geologist) who specializes in petrology

A

Petrologist

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69
Q

Are combination of minerals that are bonded together in some way.

A

Rocks

Note: All rocks are made up of minerals.

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70
Q

Rocks that contain one mineral

A

Monomineralic

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71
Q

Rocks that contain more than one mineral

A

Polymineralic

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72
Q

3 Types of Rocks

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

73
Q

Comes from molten rocks that cool and harden.

A

Igneous rocks

74
Q

Formed from sediments(pieces of other rocks) that are cemented together

A

Sedimentary rocks

75
Q

Formed when old rocks change from heat and pressure

A

Metamorphic rocks

76
Q

Classification of Igneous Rocks

A

Intrusive/Plutonic
Extrusive/Volcanic rock

77
Q
  • from magma
  • cooled and solidified slowly deep underground
  • large/coarse grained crystal size.

Classification of Igneous Rocks

A

Intrusive/Plutonic

78
Q
  • formed from lava
  • cooled and hardened quickly at or near the surface of the Earth
  • small/fine grained or no crystal

Classification of Igneous Rocks

A

Extrusive/Volcanic rock

79
Q

Igneous rocks can be…?

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

A

Felsic
Mafic
Intermediate
Ultramafic

80
Q

Light colored rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

A

Felsic

81
Q

Dark colored rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

A

Mafic

82
Q

Between mafic and felsic in color

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

A

Intermediate

83
Q

Very dark rock

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

A

Ultramafic

84
Q

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Aphanistic
Phaneritic
Porphyritic
Glassy
Pyroclastic

85
Q

Fine grained

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Aphanitic

To clarify, the spelling is actually Aphanitic and not Aphanistic(according to a quick google search).

86
Q

Coarse grained

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Phaneritic

87
Q

Large crystal with small crystal

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Porphyritic

88
Q

Noncolored solid from rapid quenching

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Glassy

89
Q

Composite of ejected fragments

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

A

Pyroclastic

90
Q

This rock comes from a latin word meaning “very hard stone”

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Basalt

91
Q

Basalt comes from a latin word meaning “____”

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

“very hard stone”

92
Q

Most abundant igneous rocks

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Granite

93
Q

This rock is often transparent, an odorless solid that separates into flakes or thin sheets.

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Mica white

94
Q

Are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground.

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Pumice

This rock is so light it floats in water

95
Q

One of the most common minerals in the Earth’s crust

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Quartz

96
Q

An extrusive igneous rock with a very high silica content

Types of Igneous Rocks

A

Rhyolite

This rock is usually pink or gray in color.

97
Q

Are usually formed in a watery environment. Often layered, the only rocks that contain fossils.

A

Sedimentary rocks

98
Q

Fragments cemented together and includes the sediments.

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Clastic rocks

99
Q

Contains remains of living things

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Organic rocks

100
Q

Fossil fuels formed from plant remains in swampy areas.

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Bituminous coal

101
Q

Made from the mineral calcite and fragments of shells.

Sedimentary Rocks

A

Limestone

102
Q

These are rocks that have morphed into another kind of rocks. The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change.

A

Metamorphic rocks

103
Q

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Foliated
Non-foliated

104
Q

It is a “change of minerals” or geologic texture in pre-existing rock without the ____ melting into liquid magma.

A

Metamorphism
Protolith

105
Q

Mineral crystals are aligned, or arranged in bands or layers.

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Foliated

106
Q

Mineral crystals do not have mineral crystals arranged in bands of layers

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

A

Non-foliated

107
Q

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become igneous rock.

A

melting
solidification

108
Q

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become sedimentary rock.

Rock Cycle

A

weathering
erosion

109
Q

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become metamorphic rocks.

Rock Cycle

A

heat
pressure

110
Q

Toothpaste contains what…?

Minerals Important to Society

A

fluoride from fluorite mineral

111
Q

The softest mineral

Minerals Important to Society

A

Talc

112
Q

Face powder once was made from…?

Minerals Important to Society

A

Talc

Although it was banned because it had asbestos which was carcinogenic

113
Q

Used as components of gadgets like cellphones and computers

Minerals Important to Society

A

Silicon, Gold, Silver

114
Q

Most used electrical wiring because it is inexpensive

Minerals Important to Society

A

Copper

115
Q

A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete

Minerals Important to Society

A

Ironsteel

116
Q

What is ironsteel made of?

A

A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete.

117
Q

What does concrete contain?

A

Limestone, Lime, and Chalk

118
Q

This common building material contains limestone, lime, and chalk

Minerals Important to Society

A

Concrete

119
Q

Skyscrapers also use glass made of…?

Minerals Important to Society

A

mainly of Quartz and Silica

120
Q

Used as flooring

Minerals Important to Society

A

Granite and Marble

121
Q

Used in window and door panels

Minerals Important to Society

A

Aluminum

122
Q

A strong but very light mineral used in teeth transplants.

Minerals Important to Society

A

Titanium

123
Q

What are the properties of Titanium?

Minerals Important to Society

A

It is strong but also very light.

124
Q

What is stainless steel made out of?

Minerals Important to Society

A

Iron, Chromium and Carbon

125
Q

Minerals that make us strong

Minerals Important to Society

A

Calcium
Magnesium
Zinc

126
Q

Used in plaster casts

Minerals Important to Society

A

Gypsum

127
Q

This mineral is used to fuel nuclear power plants.

Minerals Important to Society

A

Uranium

Extra info: Although not stated in the lesson. Plutonium can also be used as fuel.

128
Q

This mineral is used to generate electricity in some thermal power plants

Minerals Important to Society

A

Coal

129
Q

Batteries for electric cars need minerals like…?

Minerals Important to Society

A

nickel, copper, and lithium.

Extra info: Not only electric cars, but every battery used in daily life contains lithium.

130
Q

NPK Fertilizers contain these minerals for the plant to grow healthy

Minerals Important to Society

A

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium

Tip: the letters in NPK are the atomic symbols of the minerals above.
N for Nitrogen, P for Phosphorus, and K for Potassium.

131
Q

This mineral is also used to lower the acidity of soil

Minerals Important to Society

A

Lime

132
Q

What does lime do to soil?

Minerals Important to Society

A

lowers its acidity

133
Q

Maintains a healthy immune system

Minerals Important to Society

A

Zinc

134
Q

This metallic mineral is used as plating material for peacemakers, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune disorders and cancer patients.

Minerals Important to Society

A

Gold

135
Q

What disorders does Gold treat?

Minerals Important to Society

A

Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

136
Q

Used as a fertilizer to encourage water retention in plants. Increases crop yields, improves taste and help plants resist disease

Minerals Important to Society

A

Potash

Potash comes from the combinations of two words pot, and ash. Farmers would mix plant ash and water into a pot, and after they boiled it, the leftover substance would be potash, which contained…. you guessed it, Potassium!

137
Q

Used to produce fertilizers and also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, and cosmetics

Minerals Important to Society

A

Phosphates

To differentiate, Phosphorus is a single atom, which is found everywhere and is highly reactive. Phosphates is a single Phosphorus atom bonded with Oxygen molecules

To summarize, Phosphorus is the element, Phosphate is the compound.

138
Q

World’s main source of Aluminum and Gallium

Minerals Important to Society

A

Bauxite

139
Q

Used in the pulp, paper, and board industry

Minerals Important to Society

A

Talc

140
Q

Second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s continental crust, after ____

Two answers

A

Quartz
Feldspar

141
Q

Without this, soil would be incapable of holding elements like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which are necessary for plant growth.

Minerals Important to Society

A

Clay

To make it clear, Lime is used to lower soil acidity. Clay allows soil to hold NPK

142
Q

Talc might contain what carcinogen?

Minerals Important to Society

A

Asbestos

143
Q

Overuse of this causes eutrophication of bodies of water.

Minerals Important to Society

A

Synthetic fertilizer

To explain in simpler terms, eutrophication is the process where water is overly enriched with nutrients(NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium).

Why does this matter? Remember how these minerals are used to make plants grow? These nutrients help algae bloom super fast and now there’s many of them.

When they die, bacteria consume them, requiring tons of oxygen to do so, which leaves the aquatic animals without oxygen.

144
Q

Burning of coals release what?

Minerals Important to Society

A

High amounts of Carbon Dioxide

145
Q

What special property of Uranium makes it dangerous?

Minerals Important to Society

A

Its radioactivity

146
Q

A rock that contains minerals with useful elements

A

Ore

147
Q

The process by which a deposit of ore is created.

A

Ore genesis

Tip: Genesis means “beginning” which may help you remember the answer. Basically the “beginning of ore”

148
Q

Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

A

Internal Processes
Hydrothermal Processes
Surficial Processes

149
Q

Includes geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface

Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

A

Internal Processes

150
Q

Happens when seawater circulates through cracks on Earth’s surface and deposits minerals in the ore around hydrothermal vents.

Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

A

Hydrothermal Processes

151
Q

Ore can accumulate through processes that happen on the surface of Earth.

Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

A

Surficial Processes

Tip: Surficial means relating to the surface.

152
Q

Process of mineral extraction from a rock or ore.

A

Mining

153
Q

Methods of Mining:

A

Surface Mining
Underground Mining
Dredging

154
Q

Used to extract minerals near the surface of the Earth through Blasting.

Methods of Mining

A

Surface Mining

Blasting is basically… blowing up dynamite to extract the minerals

Fun fact(totally unrelated just skip reading this if you don’t want): Alfred Nobel, the creator of the Nobel Peace Prize, invented dynamite for mining.

155
Q
  • most common type of mining
  • big hole or a pit
  • used to mine gravel

Surface Mining

A

Open-pit Mining

156
Q

Involves the removal of a thin strip of over burden Earth soil.

Surface Mining

A

Strip Mining

157
Q

Used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth’s surface.

Methods of Mining

A

Underground Mining

158
Q

The process of mining minerals from the bottom of a body of water.

Methods of Mining

A

Dredging

159
Q

The process of extracing minerals from the ore and refining and preparing them for mineral use.

A

Mining Processing

160
Q

Mining Processing:

In order

A

(In order)
Sampling
Analysis
Comminution
Concentration
Dewatering

161
Q

Removal of a portion

Mining Processing

A

Sampling

162
Q

Evaluate the valuable component in the ore.

Mining Processing

A

Analysis

163
Q

Seperated through crushing and grinding

Mining Processing

A

Comminution

164
Q

Separation of valuable minerals to raw minerals.

Mining Processing

A

Concentration

165
Q

Used concentration to convert to a reusable mineral. Including filtration.

Mining Processing

A

Dewatering

166
Q

Are basically remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago.

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Fossil Fuels

167
Q

Three Types of Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Coal
Oil
Natural Gas

168
Q

Found predominantly where forest trees, plants, and marshes existed before being burned.

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Coal

Extra unrelated info: The period that the question refers to was the Carboniferous Period. 300 million years ago, huge plants and trees populated Earth due to the marshy and oxygen-rich environment, which encouraged growth among the flora.

Once they died off, they got buried into the Earth and slowly turned into… coal! Most of the coal we mine today come from this period, which makes coal non-renewable, as we cannot replicate these conditions anymore.

169
Q

Four Major Ranks of Coal

In order from best to worst

A

Anthracite
Bituminous Coal
Subbituminous Coal
Lignite

170
Q

It is hard, brittle and black lustrous coal.

Four Major Ranks of Coal

A

Anthracite

171
Q

It is black and color and dull.

Four Major Ranks of Coal

A

Subbituminous Coal

172
Q

High heating value and is the most common

Four Major Ranks of Coal

A

Bituminous Coal

173
Q

It is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes.

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Oil

174
Q

Also known as brown coal.

Four Major Ranks of Coal

A

Lignite

175
Q

Coal with least concentration of carbon.

Four Major Ranks of Coal

A

Lignite

176
Q

Oil Firms in the Philippines

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Shell, Caltex, Petron, Chevron

177
Q

Naturally occuring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of Methane.

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Natural Gas

178
Q

Earth’s cleanest fossil fuels

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Natural Gas

179
Q

Fossil fuel produced by sedimentary rocks

Fossil Fuels Formation

A

Natural Gas

Mondez (6 decks)

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