Q1 EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards by Xandy Tena

Too little/No atmosphere means…?

Small planets and moons have insufficient gravity to hold atmosphere

What does this mean? Actually, every object in the universe(even you) has gravity. It just depends on the mass, the more mass an object has, the more gravity it has. That’s why walking on the moon feels “floaty,” it has lesser mass than earth.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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Composition of the Atmosphere

Subsystems of the Earth

78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gas

Oxygen is highly reactive(very flammable in pure form), that’s why most of the atmosphere is Nitrogen to dilute the concentration of Oxygen in the atmosphere.

Kaya nga natin pinapaypayan ang baga para lumakas ang apoy diba?
We basically “feed” oxygen to the fire.

Don’t memorize. Understand.

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Subsystems of the Earth

Atmosphere
Biosphere
Geosphere
Hydrosphere

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Terrestrial Planets

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore

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Gas Giant Planets

Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

Note: Pluto is not considered to be a part of the solar system anymore

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Factors that make the Earth habitable

Temperature
Water
Atmosphere
Energy
Nutrients

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The only planet that harbors life

Earth

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Earth has an ____ outer core which gives rise to an extensive ____

Iron-nickel
Magnetic Field

This is due to the “Dynamo” effect(not necessary, just a fyi). The inner core is solid.

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Low temperature of a planet results in what?

Slow chemical reactions and frozen water

This would make the planet uninhabitable.

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High temperature of a planet results in what?

Evaporation of water

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Too little sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?

Chemical organisms die due to insufficient energy

Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,

No sunlight > No energy > No nutrients > Chemical Organisms die(aka us)

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Too much sunlight(aka energy) of a planet results in what?

High temperatures and too much Ultraviolet radiation.

Remember: you don’t need to memorize the answers word-by-word, just understand that,

Too much sunlight > High temperatures > We die

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Absence of this will interfere reactions necessary to life.

Water

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Provides significant insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium meteorites.

Atmosphere

To elaborate in simpler terms: Part of the atmosphere(the ozone layer) blocks most of the Ultraviolet light emitted by the sun(too much of this causes cancer). And due to the atmosphere, small to medium meteorites burn up before ever hitting the ground.

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Too much atmosphere means…?

The atmosphere is made of entirely greenhouse gases, making the surface too hot for life to exist.

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Layers of Atmosphere

(highest to lowest in terms of altitude)
* Exosphere (highest layer)
* Thermosphere (300 miles high)
* Mesosphere (58 miles high)
* Stratosphere (31 miles high)
* Troposphere (lowest layer)

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An essential factor used to build and maintain organisms.

Nutrients

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Who said this?

“A system is a set of related components that work together in a particular environment to perform what ever function are required to achieve the system’s objective.”

Donella Meadows

Enviromental Scientist

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The Greek word “atmos” means…?

Etymology

gas

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The word “sphaira” means…?

globe/ball

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The gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface.

Subsystems of Earth

Atmosphere

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Consists of the Entire planet from the crust to the center.

Subsystems of Earth

Geosphere

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The word “bios” means…?

Etymology

life

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Zone of the Earth where all forms of life exist

Subsystems of Earth

Biosphere

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Water part of the Earth that includes the liquid and gaseous water in the planet. | Subsystems of Earth

Hydrosphere

Minerals are/have:

Naturally occuring Inorganic Homogenous a Crystalline structure

Are naturally occuring, inorganic and homogenous solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Mineral

A person who studies minerals

Mineralogist

The study of all aspects of minerals, including their physical properties, chemical composition and internal structure.

Mineralogy

A product of earth's natural processes. | Characteristics of Minerals

Minerals are naturally occuring

Definite chemical composition represented by a chemical formula. | Characteristics of Minerals

Minerals have a crystalline structure

The object is not alive, and was not a part of anything that was alive. | Characteristics of Minerals

Minerals are inorganic

Physical and chemical uniform down to the atomic level. | Characteristics of Minerals

Minerals are homogenous

Friedrich Mohs Invented what..?

Mohs Scale of Hardness

Different Properties of Minerals | The Categories

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Defined as a characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample. | Different Properties of Minerals

Physical Property ## Footnote To explain, let me give an example. Freezing water only turns it into ice, it's still water chemically(H2O) but now has changed physically(in solid form). You can still turn ice into water through melting because only the physical property has changed. This is a physical property of water. Don't memorize. Understand.

A specific characteristic of a substance like an element or a compound, relating to how it can change as a result of a reaction. | Different Properties of Minerals

Chemical Property ## Footnote To explain, let me give an example. Burning wood turns it into ash, it's still physically a solid(powderized but still a solid), but has changed chemically(ash). You can't turn ash into wood anymore unlike turning ice into water. This is a chemical property of wood. Don't memorize. Understand.

Overall shape/growth pattern of mineral | Physical Properties of Minerals

Crystal Habit

3 Crystal Habits of Minerals | Physical Properties of Minerals

Equant Elongate Platy

Three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a cube or sphere | Crystal Habits

Equant ## Footnote Tip: Equant just means equal. Same length all over the mineral.

Forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than the needle a pencil. | Crystal Habits

Elongate

Looks like a flattened and thin crystal. | Crystal Habits

Platy

Appearance of mineral when light is reflected from its surface. Can be described as opaque, | Physical Properties of Minerals

Luster ## Footnote Basically, "*kintab*"

2 Kinds of Luster

Metallic Luster Nonmetallic Luster

It is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver. | 2 Kinds of Luster

Metallic Luster

It is dull, silky, gleasy, pearly like silicates. | 2 Kinds of Luster

Nonmetallic Luster

Tendency of minerals to break along the very smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces.

Cleavage and fracture

Measure of the minerals resistance to scratching.

Hardness

One of the most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone.

Color ## Footnote This unreliability stems from the fact that minerals vary widely in color, and the fact that the color of minerals differ depending on how light hits it.

Color of mineral in powdered form | Physical Properties of Minerals

Streak

Some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet. | Additional Properties of Minerals

Magnetism

Some minerals, especially carbohydrates, react visibly with acid. | Additional Properties of Minerals

Reaction with Acid

Presence of very thin, parallel grooves in minerals. | Additional Properties of Minerals

Striations ## Footnote These striations are only present in only one of two sets of cleavages and are best seen with a handlens(magnifying glass).

It is the weight of a mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water. | Additional Properties of Minerals

Specific gravity ## Footnote The gravity of water is exactly 1.0 by definition

Some minerals have a distinctive taste, odor, and feel. | Additional Properties of Minerals

Taste, Odor and, Feel

This system divides minerals into classes according to their chemical composition.

Dana System

Classification of Minerals

Native Elements Silicates Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates Phosphates Mineraloid ## Footnote Note: Native elements are only made up of one element(Ex: Gold, Silver), while the others are a combination of different elements.

# Answer and give an example. These minerals are naturally occuring in nature. | Classification of Minerals

Native Elements Silver(Or any metal, metalloid, and nonmetal) ## Footnote Tip: These minerals are made up of only one single element.

# Answer and give an example. The largest group of minerals. Contains silicon and oxygen, with some aluminum, magnesium, iron, and calcium | Classification of Minerals

Silicates Feldspar

# Answer and give an example. Formed from the combination of a metal with oxygen. | Classification of Minerals

Oxides Magnetite

# Answer and give an example. These are made of compound of sulfur usually with a metal. They tend to be heavy and brittle. | Classification of Minerals

Sulfides Pyrite ## Footnote Tip: The difference between Sulfide and Sulfate is that Sulfides do not have an oxygen atom.

# Answer and give an example. These are made up of compound of sulfur combined with metals and oxygen. They tend to be soft and translucent. | Classification of Minerals

Sulfate ## Footnote Tip: The difference between Sulfate and Sulfide is that Sulfate has oxygen atoms.

# Answer and give an example. They form from halogen elements like chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine combined with metallic elements. They are soft and easily dissolved in water. | Classification of Minerals

Halide Table Salt ## Footnote Note: Table salt is considered a halide because it contains Chlorine in its formula, Na**Cl**.

# Answer and give an example. These are a group of minerals made of carbon, oxygen and a metallic element. | Classification of Minerals

Carbonates Dolomite

# Answer and give an example. They are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering and are often brightly colored. | Classification of Minerals

Phosphates Apatite

# Answer and give an example. Term used for substances that do not fit into the other eight classes of minerals. | Classification of Minerals

Mineraloid Amber ## Footnote Amber isn't a mineral, but hardened tree resin.

The scientific study of rocks | Classification of Rocks

Petrology

A person(geologist) who specializes in petrology

Petrologist

Are combination of minerals that are bonded together in some way.

Rocks ## Footnote Note: All rocks are made up of minerals.

Rocks that contain one mineral

Monomineralic

Rocks that contain more than one mineral

Polymineralic

3 Types of Rocks

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Comes from molten rocks that cool and harden.

Igneous rocks

Formed from sediments(pieces of other rocks) that are cemented together

Sedimentary rocks

Formed when old rocks change from heat and pressure

Metamorphic rocks

Classification of Igneous Rocks

Intrusive/Plutonic Extrusive/Volcanic rock

* from magma * cooled and solidified slowly deep underground * large/coarse grained crystal size. | Classification of Igneous Rocks

Intrusive/Plutonic

* formed from lava * cooled and hardened quickly at or near the surface of the Earth * small/fine grained or no crystal | Classification of Igneous Rocks

Extrusive/Volcanic rock

Igneous rocks can be...? | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

Felsic Mafic Intermediate Ultramafic

Light colored rocks | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

Felsic

Dark colored rocks | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

Mafic

Between mafic and felsic in color | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

Intermediate

Very dark rock | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Color

Ultramafic

Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Aphanistic Phaneritic Porphyritic Glassy Pyroclastic

Fine grained | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Aphanitic ## Footnote To clarify, the spelling is actually **Aphanitic** and not Aphanistic(according to a quick google search).

Coarse grained | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Phaneritic

Large crystal with small crystal | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Porphyritic

Noncolored solid from rapid quenching | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Glassy

Composite of ejected fragments | Classification of Igneous Rocks Based on Texture

Pyroclastic

This rock comes from a latin word meaning "very hard stone" | Types of Igneous Rocks

Basalt

Basalt comes from a latin word meaning "____" | Types of Igneous Rocks

"very hard stone"

Most abundant igneous rocks | Types of Igneous Rocks

Granite

This rock is often transparent, an odorless solid that separates into flakes or thin sheets. | Types of Igneous Rocks

Mica white

Are igneous rocks which were formed when lava cooled quickly above ground. | Types of Igneous Rocks

Pumice ## Footnote This rock is so light it floats in water

One of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust | Types of Igneous Rocks

Quartz

An extrusive igneous rock with a very high silica content | Types of Igneous Rocks

Rhyolite ## Footnote This rock is usually pink or gray in color.

Are usually formed in a watery environment. Often layered, the only rocks that contain fossils.

Sedimentary rocks

Fragments cemented together and includes the sediments. | Sedimentary Rocks

Clastic rocks

Contains remains of living things | Sedimentary Rocks

Organic rocks

Fossil fuels formed from plant remains in swampy areas. | Sedimentary Rocks

Bituminous coal

Made from the mineral calcite and fragments of shells. | Sedimentary Rocks

Limestone

These are rocks that have morphed into another kind of rocks. The rocks are under tons and tons of pressure, which fosters heat build up, and this causes them to change.

Metamorphic rocks

Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated Non-foliated

It is a "change of minerals" or geologic texture in pre-existing rock without the ____ melting into liquid magma.

Metamorphism Protolith

Mineral crystals are aligned, or arranged in bands or layers. | Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

Foliated

Mineral crystals do not have mineral crystals arranged in bands of layers | Classification of Metamorphic Rocks

Non-foliated

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become igneous rock.

melting solidification

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become sedimentary rock. | Rock Cycle

weathering erosion

Rocks must go through ____ and ____ to become metamorphic rocks. | Rock Cycle

heat pressure

Toothpaste contains what...? | Minerals Important to Society

fluoride from fluorite mineral

The softest mineral | Minerals Important to Society

Talc

Face powder once was made from...? | Minerals Important to Society

Talc ## Footnote Although it was banned because it had asbestos which was carcinogenic

Used as components of gadgets like cellphones and computers | Minerals Important to Society

Silicon, Gold, Silver

Most used electrical wiring because it is inexpensive | Minerals Important to Society

Copper

A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete | Minerals Important to Society

Ironsteel

What is ironsteel made of?

A combination of iron, carbon, and concrete.

What does concrete contain?

Limestone, Lime, and Chalk

This common building material contains limestone, lime, and chalk | Minerals Important to Society

Concrete

Skyscrapers also use glass made of...? | Minerals Important to Society

mainly of Quartz and Silica

Used as flooring | Minerals Important to Society

Granite and Marble

Used in window and door panels | Minerals Important to Society

Aluminum

A strong but very light mineral used in teeth transplants. | Minerals Important to Society

Titanium

What are the properties of Titanium? | Minerals Important to Society

It is strong but also very light.

What is stainless steel made out of? | Minerals Important to Society

Iron, Chromium and Carbon

Minerals that make us strong | Minerals Important to Society

Calcium Magnesium Zinc

Used in plaster casts | Minerals Important to Society

Gypsum

This mineral is used to fuel nuclear power plants. | Minerals Important to Society

Uranium ## Footnote Extra info: Although not stated in the lesson. Plutonium can also be used as fuel.

This mineral is used to generate electricity in some thermal power plants | Minerals Important to Society

Coal

Batteries for electric cars need minerals like...? | Minerals Important to Society

nickel, copper, and lithium. ## Footnote Extra info: Not only electric cars, but every battery used in daily life contains lithium.

NPK Fertilizers contain these minerals for the plant to grow healthy | Minerals Important to Society

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium ## Footnote Tip: the letters in NPK are the atomic symbols of the minerals above. N for Nitrogen, P for Phosphorus, and K for Potassium.

This mineral is also used to lower the acidity of soil | Minerals Important to Society

Lime

What does lime do to soil? | Minerals Important to Society

lowers its acidity

Maintains a healthy immune system | Minerals Important to Society

Zinc

This metallic mineral is used as plating material for peacemakers, as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, other autoimmune disorders and cancer patients. | Minerals Important to Society

Gold

What disorders does Gold treat? | Minerals Important to Society

Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders, and cancer.

Used as a fertilizer to encourage water retention in plants. Increases crop yields, improves taste and help plants resist disease | Minerals Important to Society

Potash ## Footnote Potash comes from the combinations of two words pot, and ash. Farmers would mix plant ash and water into a pot, and after they boiled it, the leftover substance would be potash, which contained.... you guessed it, Potassium!

Used to produce fertilizers and also used in animal feed supplements, food preservatives, anti-corrosion agents, and cosmetics | Minerals Important to Society

Phosphates ## Footnote To differentiate, Phosphorus is a single atom, which is found everywhere and is highly reactive. Phosphates is a single Phosphorus atom bonded with Oxygen molecules To summarize, Phosphorus is the element, Phosphate is the compound.

World's main source of Aluminum and Gallium | Minerals Important to Society

Bauxite

Used in the pulp, paper, and board industry | Minerals Important to Society

Talc

Second most abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, after ____ | Two answers

Quartz Feldspar

Without this, soil would be incapable of holding elements like potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, which are necessary for plant growth. | Minerals Important to Society

Clay ## Footnote To make it clear, Lime is used to lower soil acidity. Clay allows soil to hold NPK

Talc might contain what carcinogen? | Minerals Important to Society

Asbestos

Overuse of this causes eutrophication of bodies of water. | Minerals Important to Society

Synthetic fertilizer ## Footnote To explain in simpler terms, eutrophication is the process where water is **overly** enriched with nutrients(NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium). Why does this matter? Remember how these minerals are used to make plants grow? These nutrients help algae bloom super fast and now there's many of them. When they die, bacteria consume them, requiring tons of oxygen to do so, which leaves the aquatic animals without oxygen.

Burning of coals release what? | Minerals Important to Society

High amounts of Carbon Dioxide

What special property of Uranium makes it dangerous? | Minerals Important to Society

Its radioactivity

A rock that contains minerals with useful elements

Ore

The process by which a deposit of ore is created.

Ore genesis ## Footnote Tip: Genesis means "beginning" which may help you remember the answer. Basically the "beginning of ore"

Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

Internal Processes Hydrothermal Processes Surficial Processes

Includes geologic activity such as when volcanoes bring ore from deep in the planet to the surface | Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

Internal Processes

Happens when seawater circulates through cracks on Earth's surface and deposits minerals in the ore around hydrothermal vents. | Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

Hydrothermal Processes

Ore can accumulate through processes that happen on the surface of Earth. | Three Major Types of Ore Genesis

Surficial Processes ## Footnote Tip: Surficial means relating to the surface.

Process of mineral extraction from a rock or ore.

Mining

Methods of Mining:

Surface Mining Underground Mining Dredging

Used to extract minerals near the surface of the Earth through Blasting. | Methods of Mining

Surface Mining ## Footnote Blasting is basically... blowing up dynamite to extract the minerals Fun fact(totally unrelated just skip reading this if you don't want): Alfred Nobel, the creator of the Nobel Peace Prize, invented dynamite for mining.

* most common type of mining * big hole or a pit * used to mine gravel | Surface Mining

Open-pit Mining

Involves the removal of a thin strip of over burden Earth soil. | Surface Mining

Strip Mining

Used to recover ores that are deeper into Earth's surface. | Methods of Mining

Underground Mining

The process of mining minerals from the bottom of a body of water. | Methods of Mining

Dredging

The process of extracing minerals from the ore and refining and preparing them for mineral use.

Mining Processing

Mining Processing: | In order

(In order) Sampling Analysis Comminution Concentration Dewatering

Removal of a portion | Mining Processing

Sampling

Evaluate the valuable component in the ore. | Mining Processing

Analysis

Seperated through crushing and grinding | Mining Processing

Comminution

Separation of valuable minerals to raw minerals. | Mining Processing

Concentration

Used concentration to convert to a reusable mineral. Including filtration. | Mining Processing

Dewatering

Are basically remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago. | Fossil Fuels Formation

Fossil Fuels

Three Types of Fossil Fuels | Fossil Fuels Formation

Coal Oil Natural Gas

Found predominantly where forest trees, plants, and marshes existed before being burned. | Fossil Fuels Formation

Coal ## Footnote Extra unrelated info: The period that the question refers to was the Carboniferous Period. 300 million years ago, huge plants and trees populated Earth due to the marshy and oxygen-rich environment, which encouraged growth among the flora. Once they died off, they got buried into the Earth and slowly turned into... coal! Most of the coal we mine today come from this period, which makes coal non-renewable, as we cannot replicate these conditions anymore.

Four Major Ranks of Coal | In order from best to worst

Anthracite Bituminous Coal Subbituminous Coal Lignite

It is hard, brittle and black lustrous coal. | Four Major Ranks of Coal

Anthracite

It is black and color and dull. | Four Major Ranks of Coal

Subbituminous Coal

High heating value and is the most common | Four Major Ranks of Coal

Bituminous Coal

It is an organic material, mostly algae, which was buried in mud at the bottom of the sea and lakes. | Fossil Fuels Formation

Oil

Also known as brown coal. | Four Major Ranks of Coal

Lignite

Coal with least concentration of carbon. | Four Major Ranks of Coal

Lignite

Oil Firms in the Philippines | Fossil Fuels Formation

Shell, Caltex, Petron, Chevron

Naturally occuring hydrocarbon gas with the mixture of Methane. | Fossil Fuels Formation

Natural Gas

Earth's cleanest fossil fuels | Fossil Fuels Formation

Natural Gas

Fossil fuel produced by sedimentary rocks | Fossil Fuels Formation

Natural Gas