Q 1: Lecture 6- food poisoning Flashcards
what are some common causes of food posoning
Toxins produced by bacteria -preformed in the food -produced after ingestion Toxins produced by fungi -molds (mycotoxins) -mushrooms Poisonous plants Shellfish poisoning Poisonous animals
who is Edmond de la pommerais
Medical doctor/homeopath, he is an example of a common breed of poisoner who killed his mistress for money in 1863, after taking out several large insurance policies on her life. The suspicious insurance companies exhumed her body. Extracts of her stomach and scrapings of the floor where she vomited contained enough poison to kill a rabbit and a dog. they could not chemically test it but they looked back at his purchases. The doctor could not account for a large amount of recently purchased digitalin.
what is digitalis Glycosides
Foxglove (and several other plants) contain cardiotoxins (increase cardiac output) which act similar to the drug digitalis. Used to treat “dropsy”, but ‘the dose makes the poison”. Too much disturbs normal ionic balance in heart muscle cells, causing fatal arrhythmias and heart failure.- heart stops
who is Jim Jones
Founder and leader of a weird cult called the Peoples’ Temple. Established Jonestown (Guyana) as a model communist community. After a US congressman and his party were killed during a mission to investigate human rights violations at Jonestown in 1978, Jones encouraged 909 inhabitants of the community (304 children) to commit “revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world”. They drank cyanide-spiked grape-flavored Kool-Aid. Jones shot himself.
Cyanide inhibits the electron transport chain and blocks oxygen utilization and energy production inside cells. Seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest, coma and death in minutes.
what does cyanide do
Cyanide inhibits the electron transport chain and blocks oxygen utilization and energy production inside cells. Seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest, coma and death in minutes.
wha is georgi Markov
Well known Bulgarian dissident and defector at height of the Cold War. Murdered in 1978 in London by the KGB (or Bulgarian equivalent). An assassination worthy of a spy novel, he was poisoned when an umbrella “gun” was used to inject him with a tiny pellet filled with ricin.
WHAT IS CYanides chemical formula
H-C=N
—-
THREE LINES BTW CN
who is allen Touring
break the anigma code, gay. hormone therapy injected cyanide in an apple
who was murdered with the umbrella gun. what was used
Georgi Markov
filled with Ricin
what is Ricin
Ricin is a complex glycoprotein toxin extracted from castor beans, produced by the plant Ricinus communis. It acts to block protein production by interfering with ribosome function, causing multiple organ failure.
who is alexander Litvinenka
Former Russian spy and KGB colleague of Vladimir Putin.
Sought asylum in London in 2000 after falling out with Vlad.
Died in 2006, 3 weeks after drinking tea with two fellow Russians in a London hotel. The tea was laced with Polonium-210. He died of acute radiation poisoning.
Polonium-210 is a radioactive element which emits high energy alpha particles, causing widespread damage and organ failure.
British police accused the Russians of assassination, sponsored by the Kremlin – probably Putin himself. Vlad says it wasn’t him, but Po-210 is hard to come by.
what is the effect of Ricin
shuts down organs by interfearing with ribosome
what is polonium-210
radioactive element, causing widespread damage and organ failure.
botulism
Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum. It’s the most toxic substance known. People usually get botulism food poisoning from ingesting the toxin directly (preformed) in processed foods that were not adequately sterilized. Spores are heat tolerant.
what is the ost common for of food poisoning
from bacteria
wow much more is botulism more than cyanide
100 million
why dont give kids un pasturized honey
can have botulism spores-
what is the structure of botulism
large has 3 parts
what kills botulism when canning
pressure cooking
how does botulism work
The toxin enters motor nerves at neuromuscular junctions, where the catalytic subunit (the active part) attacks and damages the mechanism required to enable binding of acetylcholine-containing vesicles to the inside of the pre-synaptic membrane. This prevents the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, causing flaccid paralysis of muscles and death from respiratory failure.
- overall it prevents neurotrasmiters (acetylcholine) from getting released- paralysis
what is the treatment of botulism
Treatment includes respiratory support and especially antitoxin. horse gets vaccinated to make antibodies and then take them and give to the person but only when its in blood stream but not when its in the synaps
what is botox
Botox injection is the most common cosmetic procedure in the world. Local muscle paralysis temporarily reduces wrinkles.
what are some other uses of botulism
Other/non-cosmetic uses include: treatment of excessive sweating and various conditions caused by spastic muscles (e.g., uncontrolled blinking, lazy eye, and chronic migraines)
Fugu Poisoning
Pufferfish (and related species - fugu) are a delicacy in Japan, but a risky one. Certain parts of the fish (gonads, skin, intestines, liver) contain tetrodotoxin in fatal concentrations. Specially trained fugu chefs learn to remove almost all of the toxin, leaving just enough to give diners a thrill.
Tetrodotoxin
Tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels in peripheral nerves and muscles, preventing transmission of the action potential. Just a bite can cause death from respiratory paralysis in minutes, and mortality rate is >50% even today.
Treatment includes respiratory and cardiovascular support. There is no antitoxin. Get the fish out (but don’t make them vomit).
Red Tides
Algal Bloom near coastlines can produce toxins because of food resources that feed on the Algae. Humans harvest (ex: Shellfish) and eat poison.
Poisoning occurs when people eat shellfish which have accumulated saxitoxin in their edible bits. This happens when the shellfish feed on tiny marine algae (dinoflagellates), which produce the toxin. Saxitoxin acts just like tetrodotoxin, blocking sodium channels in peripheral nerves and muscles, preventing transmission of the action potential. Just a bite can cause death from respiratory paralysis in minutes.
Most deadly disease associated with “harmful algal blooms”?
Paralytic Shellfish poisoning
Aflatoxin
is a mycotoxin, produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus on a variety of important foods, including corn and peanuts.
CFIA
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
what your body does with Aflatoxin?
Usually, but it can be different with carcinogens. Aflatoxin gets converted to a chemically reactive form in the liver (metabolic activation). That more reactive form binds to proteins (causing cell death) or DNA (causing cancer), in liver cells of animals or people. The relationship between dose and toxic effect is less predictable with carcinogens.
Plants containing cyanogenic glycosides
This is a large group of plants that can be dangerous to grazing animals or people. Chewing and digestive enzymes release hydrogen cyanide, which blocks the ability of cells to use oxygen to make energy (ATP) inside mitochondria. Collapse and death can occur in minutes.
Chokecherry is a local example. The fleshy fruit is edible, but not the pit or leaves.
Cassava
Important food crop for starch.
If not processed correctly (chopping, washing, cooking) to reduce the cyanide content, cassava can cause acute, fatal poisoning, or chronic poisoning called konzo (tropical ataxic neuropathy), with damage to spinal nerves leading to paralysis.
Also, sometimes low-dose chronic consumption leads to accumulation of the natural de-toxification product thiocyanate, which can cause thyroid goiter.
100-150,000 species of _____ animals on earth.
what is venomous
20,000000 animal toxins
What does it take to be venomous?
- A venom gland to make venom
- Fangs or stinger
Plants are _____ , snakes are ______.
Options: Venomous and/or Poisonous.
Poisonous, Venomous
Box-Jellyfish
among most potent venoms of any animal.
- Fast swimmers
- active hunters
- congregate in shallow water near shore when mating
- 60,6 foot tentacles lined with hundreds of thousands of nematocysts.
konzo
If not processed correctly (chopping, washing, cooking) to reduce the cyanide content, cassava can cause acute, fatal poisoning, or chronic poisoning called konzo (tropical ataxic neuropathy), with damage to spinal nerves leading to paralysis.
