lead final

Question 1

n Essential metals

Answer 1

– trace amount for life,

e.g. Cu, Fe and Zn

Question 2

n Non essential metals

Answer 2

• no known biological
  functions,
  e.g. Cd, Pb, Hg

Question 3

Metal pollution: why is it a problem?

Answer 3

Metals can neither be created nor destroyed
n Problematic environmental contaminants
n Metals are naturally occurring
n Anthropogenic activities increase metal exposure to
organisms either because:
n Metals are moved from biologically inaccessible to
accessible compartments in the biospheres
n Form of the metal is changed to more bioavailable or
toxic form (e.g., free ions)

Question 4

anthropogenic sources

Answer 4

from humans, industries

Question 5

What is lead (Pb)?

Answer 5

A soft, heavy, bluish-gray metal
 found in the earth’s crust
n One of the seven ancient metals
 known to humans
 (Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Hg, Pb, Sn)
n Ductile and pliable, making it easy
 to use
n No biological function, but
 mimics Calcium (Ca) and Iron (Fe)

Question 6

pb is similar to what element

Answer 6

to calcium- therefore absorbed just like it

calcium analog

Question 7

what are the 2 main antropogenic sources

Answer 7

fossil fuel combustion

and mining

Question 8

How we might be exposed to Pb?

Answer 8

paint, in soil, gas, dust, water, workplace

Question 9

Lead paints are still being used in many countries

- a major source of human exposure to lead

Answer 9

cool story bro

Question 10

Routes of Pb exposure to humans

where does it go

Answer 10

ingestion
inhalation
absorption
absorptionthrough pregnancy
95% settles in the bones, 1% in blood, 4% in soft tissue

Question 11

Harmful Effects of Pb in Humans

Answer 11

Neurological effects/ Brain damage
n Anemia – Pb disrupts hemoglobin
production
n Reproductive failure – reduction in fertility
n Kidney damage
– can lead to “ Saturnine Gout” (uric acid accumulates in bone joints)

Question 12

Historical Aspects of Pb poisoning

Answer 12

n Used by mankind since 4th millenium BC
n Usage increased markedly during Roman Era

n Romans recognized the toxicity of Pb and its fumes –
might have led to the decline of Roman Empire

Question 13

Historical Aspects of Pb exposure

Answer 13

Bronze Age (3000 to 1200 B.C.)
The dawn of civilization - the alphabet, writing, weapons, cities,
government, public works and civil and religious
administrations
n Iron Age (1200 to 600 B.C.)
The emergence of iron tools and weapons, different agricultural
practices
n Roman Period (70 to 324 A.D.)
Romans constructed roads, amphitheaters and public water
supply
Galena (most important ore of lead)
– a source of silver
- used since ancient times

Question 14

Roman Pb Artefacts:

Answer 14

• containers used in winery
• also, Pb-acetate (sugar of lead) used as
  wine-sweetener

Question 15

Medieval history of mass Pb poisoning in humans

Answer 15

Pb poisoning became a plague in Europe and
later in America during 15th -18th Centuries.
n In 16th century, Paracelsus described it in
medical literature as “the miner’s disease”.
n In 18th Century, Ramazzini wrote that the potters
who worked with lead became “paralytic,
lethargic with face having the color of lead”

Question 16

Summary
n Pb is one of the few metals that has been used
by humans since ancient time
n Pb is one of the major contemporary environmental
pollutants, and highly toxic to humans
n Mass poisoning of lead has occurred many times
throughout human history
n Did mass Pb poisoning lead to the decline of Roman
Empire? – A debatable issue, but strong evidence of
Pb poisoning in imperial Rome exists

Answer 16

in west philadelphia born and raised in the playground is wher I spent most of my days
chilling out maxing, relaxing all cool outside of the pool

Question 17

flint michigan

Answer 17

noticed in 2014- lead pipes

Question 18

when was lead banned in gasolin

Answer 18

1996