Q 1: chapter 4

Question 1

toxikon

Answer 1

poison arrow- from hercules

Question 2

who used poison arrown

Answer 2

maisai of kenya for antelop, amazon jungle for sloths ,monkey

Question 3

where is the best system to shoot the arrow at

Answer 3

target heart or nervous system

Question 4

who uses poison dart frog

Answer 4

rainforest tribal ppl in columbia

Question 5

what is bartrachotoxin

Answer 5

secretion of frogs

Question 6

what does bathrachotoxin do

Answer 6

acts by holding voltage-gated sodium channels open in nerves and muscles, causing convulsions, paralysis, and heart or respiratory failure.

Question 7

who uses curare

Answer 7

south americasn tribal ppl- down to the amazon

Question 8

what is D-Tubocurarine, whrer does it come from

Answer 8

extracted from Strychos toxifera (or Chondrodendron sp.)- type of plant

Question 9

wht does D-Tubocurarine do aka Curare

Answer 9

acts by blocking acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptors at neuromuscular junctions, causing paralysis and respiratory failure. -prevents na from going in-

Question 10

how many types of frogs are used for darting a la poison

Answer 10

3; one is golden poison dart frog(can kill 2 elephants),

Question 11

how are the frogs poisonous

Answer 11

from their diet

Question 12

in modern times what is curare used for

Answer 12

in surgeries to calm down a muscle- to not put the patient too much to sleep

Question 13

what does strycnine do

Answer 13

Strychnine extracted from Strychnos nux-vomica acts by blocking the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter glycine at interneurons in the spinal cord, causing hypersensitivity, convulsions and respiratory failure

Question 14

what does strychnine do to the interneuron

Answer 14

removes the calming effect of glycine

Question 15

how is strychnine used today

Answer 15

to killed gophers, squirrels, coyotes- killed vertebrates

Question 16

what is the number 1 used chemicals used for malicious poisoning of dogs

Answer 16

strychnine

Question 17

what chemical was used in world war 1

Answer 17

Chlorine then
Phosgene then
Mustard gas
100,000 dead
1.2 million casualties

Question 18

what does mustard gas do

Answer 18

Mustard gas was delivered in artillery shells, causing about 80% of the chemical casualties in WWI. It is an oily liquid that acts as a severe irritant, causing blistering, ulceration and tissue death of exposed skin, eyes and respiratory tract.- survivors developped cancer later own

Question 19

what did the nazis use in the showers

Answer 19

use carbon

monoxide and especially Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) in the gas chambers of the death camps.

Question 20

what are anti- cholinesterase

Answer 20

tabun and sarin hitler didnt use it- was a pestiside first

Question 21

what happened in the tokyo subway

Answer 21

released serin gas- only 12 death out of 5000 exposed

Question 22

where else was chemical warfare used- or still are

Answer 22

middle east, iraq, iran, ISIS

Question 23

The Royal Toxicologist?

Answer 23

Mithridates VI
Used himself as well as others including prisoners as guinea pigs. Messed up childhood because his mom tried to poison him, was successful on his dad. He came up with a concoction of low doses of common poisons to protect from poisons.

Question 24

Longest proscribed prescription?

Answer 24

poison concoction

Question 25

Death of Socrates?

Answer 25

Sentenced to suicide using Poison Hemlock. Dies from respiratory paralysis.

Water Hemlock in Saskatoon much more severe.

Question 26

Claudius of Rome?

Answer 26

Agrippina his fourth wife wanted her son Nero to be emperor so she hired a professional poisoner.

Locusta killed him.

Question 27

What did locusta use to kill Claudius?

Answer 27

Amanita Phalloides(mushroom).

Contains amanitin, which acts to inhibit protein production by blocking mRNA (gene transcription), causing liver and kidney failure.

Question 28

Napoleon Bonaparte?

Answer 28

Exiled to St. Helena in 1815, many people wanted him gone forever.
His health declined slowly until he finally died in 1821.
Symptoms (hair loss, neurological signs, photophobia) were consistent with chronic arsenic poisoning (one of the very most common poisons of all time).
Hair samples (?) analyzed recently contained high levels
What was the source?
Possibly accidental – copper arsenate dye (Schweinfurter green) in wallpaper, attacked by molds, produced trimethylarsine gas – associated with arsenic poisonings