Q 1: chapter 4 Flashcards
toxikon
poison arrow- from hercules
who used poison arrown
maisai of kenya for antelop, amazon jungle for sloths ,monkey
where is the best system to shoot the arrow at
target heart or nervous system
who uses poison dart frog
rainforest tribal ppl in columbia
what is bartrachotoxin
secretion of frogs
what does bathrachotoxin do
acts by holding voltage-gated sodium channels open in nerves and muscles, causing convulsions, paralysis, and heart or respiratory failure.
who uses curare
south americasn tribal ppl- down to the amazon
what is D-Tubocurarine, whrer does it come from
extracted from Strychos toxifera (or Chondrodendron sp.)- type of plant
wht does D-Tubocurarine do aka Curare
acts by blocking acetylcholine neurotransmitter receptors at neuromuscular junctions, causing paralysis and respiratory failure. -prevents na from going in-
how many types of frogs are used for darting a la poison
3; one is golden poison dart frog(can kill 2 elephants),
how are the frogs poisonous
from their diet
in modern times what is curare used for
in surgeries to calm down a muscle- to not put the patient too much to sleep
what does strycnine do
Strychnine extracted from Strychnos nux-vomica acts by blocking the inhibitory action of the neurotransmitter glycine at interneurons in the spinal cord, causing hypersensitivity, convulsions and respiratory failure
what does strychnine do to the interneuron
removes the calming effect of glycine
how is strychnine used today
to killed gophers, squirrels, coyotes- killed vertebrates
what is the number 1 used chemicals used for malicious poisoning of dogs
strychnine
what chemical was used in world war 1
Chlorine then Phosgene then Mustard gas 100,000 dead 1.2 million casualties
what does mustard gas do
Mustard gas was delivered in artillery shells, causing about 80% of the chemical casualties in WWI. It is an oily liquid that acts as a severe irritant, causing blistering, ulceration and tissue death of exposed skin, eyes and respiratory tract.- survivors developped cancer later own
what did the nazis use in the showers
use carbon
monoxide and especially Zyklon B (hydrogen cyanide) in the gas chambers of the death camps.
what are anti- cholinesterase
tabun and sarin hitler didnt use it- was a pestiside first
what happened in the tokyo subway
released serin gas- only 12 death out of 5000 exposed
where else was chemical warfare used- or still are
middle east, iraq, iran, ISIS
The Royal Toxicologist?
Mithridates VI
Used himself as well as others including prisoners as guinea pigs. Messed up childhood because his mom tried to poison him, was successful on his dad. He came up with a concoction of low doses of common poisons to protect from poisons.
Longest proscribed prescription?
poison concoction
Death of Socrates?
Sentenced to suicide using Poison Hemlock. Dies from respiratory paralysis.
Water Hemlock in Saskatoon much more severe.
Claudius of Rome?
Agrippina his fourth wife wanted her son Nero to be emperor so she hired a professional poisoner.
Locusta killed him.
What did locusta use to kill Claudius?
Amanita Phalloides(mushroom).
Contains amanitin, which acts to inhibit protein production by blocking mRNA (gene transcription), causing liver and kidney failure.
Napoleon Bonaparte?
Exiled to St. Helena in 1815, many people wanted him gone forever.
His health declined slowly until he finally died in 1821.
Symptoms (hair loss, neurological signs, photophobia) were consistent with chronic arsenic poisoning (one of the very most common poisons of all time).
Hair samples (?) analyzed recently contained high levels
What was the source?
Possibly accidental – copper arsenate dye (Schweinfurter green) in wallpaper, attacked by molds, produced trimethylarsine gas – associated with arsenic poisonings
