Q 1 : A Small Dose of Toxicology Flashcards
Define Toxicology
Toxicology originally developed as the study of poisons and is now more formally described as the study of the adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms.
3 Basic Principles of toxicology
Dose/Response
hazard X exposure= Risk
Individual Sensitivity
What killed Socrates?
Hemlock(Alkaloid coniine)
What drug used for sedation in the early 1960’s(1962) pushed the FDA to require a trial before allowing new drugs to be used on a regular basis?
Thalidomide
Money lost or spent due to the consumption of alcohol or dug abuse, car accidents, lost work, etc…
276 Billion
Money lost to tobacco related illness or disease
65 Billion
Estimated Number of children with fetal alcohol syndrome
12,000
Pharmacology
Toxicology’s counterpart in medicine is pharmacology, the study of the beneficial and adverse effects of medicinal drugs.
Define Toxins and Toxicants
Hazardous naturally occurring agents produced by living organisms are called toxins, while hazardous manufactured agents are called toxicants.
What are the two most common physical agents?
Temperature and Noise
Toxicology no longer focuses on death but ____ and _____.
work performance, quality of life
What is the EPA and what is it responsible for?
The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for regulating pesticides, industrial chemicals, hazardous waste, drinking water quality, air pollutants, and other environmental hazards.
When was toxicology created and by who?
The formal study of poisons (and thus toxicology) began 500 years ago during the Renaissance, a period of incredible change and challenge to traditional thought. Phillippus Aureolus (Figure 2.1) was born in Switzerland in 1493. He took the pseudonym of Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim and still later invented the name PARACELSUS (1493-1541).
Individual Sensitivity to a hazardous agent is dependant on?
age, genetics, gender, current or prior illness, nutrition, and current or history of exposure to chemical agents.
What is a dose?
Is the amount of the material in relation to body weight.
Typically the amount of material is measured in grams or thousandths of a gram (milligrams, mg) and body weight is measured in kilograms (kg), equal to one thousand grams. The dose is the amount of material consumed divided by body weight, or mg/kg.
Oral dose = amount of material consumed (mg)/body weight (kg) Inhalation dose (mg/kg) = • Air concentration of agent (mg/ml) X volume of air inhaled per hour (ml/hr) X duration of exposure (hr)/body weight (kg
What is LD50?
The lethal dose for 50% of cases. Used to rank the toxicity of a substance.
what 2 things have an LD50 of 250?
Aspirin and DDT.
What has a LD50 of 1?
Nicotine
3 Parts of Exposure?
1) route of exposure, 2) frequency of exposure, and 3) duration of exposure.
3 Main routes of exposure?
1 Secondary Route?
1) skin (or dermal) exposure, 2) lung (inhalation) exposure, or 3) oral (gastrointestinal)
4. ) Injection
Duration is separated into 3 periods
1) acute exposure (usually just one or two exposures of short duration); 2) sub-chronic exposure (multiple exposures over many days or perhaps months); and 3) chronic exposure (long-term or even lifetime exposure).
After exposure if effects aren’t noticed in the short term then they are ______ affects.
Chronic
After exposure if effects are noticed in the short term then they are ______ affects.
accute
What body function aids in the detoxification of many toxins that enter the body?
What internal organ is the primary for detoxification?
What 2 Elements cannot be degraded by the liver?
- metabolism
- Liver
- Mercury and Lead