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Shyam - PYSCHOLOGY > Pyschopatholgy > Flashcards

Pyschopatholgy Flashcards

1
Q

What is abnormality

A

Any behaviour that doesn’t follow accepted social patterns or social rules

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2
Q

What are deviations from social norms an example of

A

They are an example of abnormality

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3
Q

Why do abnormalities vary

A

They can vary from culture to culture (cultural relativism), so thus may be different in dif cases

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4
Q

How is behaviour examined

A

In terms of how desirable it is

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5
Q

Positive evaluation of deviation from social norms (3)

A
  • they can be used to identify someone struggling with a mental illness
  • It distinguishes a difference between desirable and non-desirable behaviour
  • use them as a way to differentiate themselves as social norm may actually be backwards
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6
Q

Negative evaluation of deviation from social norms

A
  • using it as an abnormality may be bad as a definition as it doesn’t always indicate they have a mental illness. So psychologists must be careful when making judgments as they may just be odd/eccentric.
  • context must be taken into account. Eg. Wearing no clothes in public is different to wearing them in other scenarios.
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7
Q

What are the definitions of abnormality

A
  1. Social norm deviation
  2. Statistical infrequency
  3. Failure to function adequately
  4. Deviation from ideal mental health
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8
Q

What are the 7 criteria the is used by the failure to function model

A

S - suffering
U - unpredictability/loss of control
M - maladaptiveness
O - observer discomfort
V - vividness
I - incomprehensibility/irrationality
V - violation of ideals and standards

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9
Q

Disadvantages of failure to function

A
  • uses off definition of abnormality is that abnormality is not always accompanied by dysfunction. Eg. Some may have problems yet still lead normal lives and vice versa eg. Dr Shipman who led a normal life a doctor but was actually a deranged killer who killed many of his patients
  • the criteria are problematic as they are difficult to measure and analyses - subjective model
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10
Q

Advantages of failure to function model

A
  • as it uses the GAF scale, we accurately assess degree of abnormality and how well patient is coping with life, and bring in a sense of objectivity into classifying their behaviour. Therefore its easy to access consequences of model, as it measure level of psychological problems.
  • another advantage would be that behaviour is observable. Failure to function can be seen by others and thus picked up on.
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11
Q

What is Statistical infrequency

A

It is when someone posses a less common characteristic than the majority of the population - statistically rare behaviour

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12
Q

How can stats be used to see if you are abnormal

A

If you have a relatively unusual behaviour, stats can be used to see the number of people who display rare or infrequent behaviour

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13
Q

Normal distribution curve diagram

A
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14
Q

Statistical infrequency: how to work out the mean

A

Mode + median

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15
Q

What are advantages of statistical infrequency

A
  • can offer clearer guidelines for normal/abnormal behaviour as judgments are based of objective, statistical and unbiased data that help indicate normality can help someone if they need psychological assistance. (Also reduced subjectivity)
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16
Q

Disadvantages of statistical infrequency

A
  • it involves labelling people as abnormal, which isn’t beneficial. This may have a negative effect upon them and can lead to less self-confidence and self-esteem. For example High IQ scorers would be classes as abnormal but are very much not yet using this model they would be
  • it can be critiqued as there seems to be a cutoff point between statistical infrequency that defines normality and abnormality
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17
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health

A

It stems from the humanist approach. It focuses on motivation and self-development.

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18
Q

What is ‘self-actualisation’

A

Means that humans should strive for full potential

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19
Q

What are Jahoda’s 6 criteria

A
  • Autonomy
  • Perception of Reality
  • personal growth
  • integration
  • Environmental mastery
  • self attitudes
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20
Q

What are the advantages of Deviation from ideal mental health (2+)

A
  • the model can be viewed as positive and productive. Focuses on ideal or optimal criteria that we should strive for in order to be psychologically healthy. (Self-actualisation is a goal we all strive for)
  • it can highlight and target areas of dysfunction so people can improve their life quality. Can be important in treating types of disorders and therefore highlight the area of dysfunction to both patient and psychologist
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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of deviation from mental health model

A
  • can be viewed as problematic because 6 criteria are based on abstract concepts that are difficult to measure and define. (At what point do we know if criteria is met). Thus, model is not very objective and scientific.
  • also problematic as very few people can actually achieve all criteria at one time and thus to sustain all criteria would be largely impossible. Therefore, many of us would be classed as abnormal - could argue it’s normal to be abnormal.
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22
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of phobias (P.E.D.A)

A
  • Avoidance: will avoid object and can interfere will normal life
  • Endurance (freeze/faint): when faced with object they may faint/freeze.
  • disruption of functioning: anxiety created by phobia may disrupt someone’s life and ability to function socially
  • Panic: may cause panic in phobia presence - crying etc
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23
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A
  • fear: excessive and unreasonable fear which may be long lasting and can be an immediate response
  • panic/anxiety: may feel highly anxious and have unpleasant negative feeling
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24
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias (S.I.I.C)

A
  • Irrational: irrational thinking, may resist rational arguments against phobia.
  • Insight: self-aware that fear is excessive but find it difficult not to fear it still
  • Cognitive distortions: distorted perception of stimulus
  • Selective attention: when encountering stimulus, they cant look away and focus all attention on it. Will ignore all else
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25
Q

what is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

it suggests all behaviour (like phobias) can be learnt and those who have abnormality can learn negative behaviours

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26
Q

two step process model

A
  1. Phobia onset - learn it through classical conditioning or social learning
  2. Phobia maintenance - phobia is maintained by operant conditioning
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27
Q

what is operant conditioning and its types of reinforcement

A

a method involves learning new response to phobia that results in reinforcement.

  • negative: they will try to avoid phobia to reduce risk that they will fear
  • positive: by avoiding fear, and thus not feeling fear, it is rewarding
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28
Q

What is systematic desensitisation

A

It is behavioural therapy aimed to reduce phobias by using classical conditioning by replacing the irrational fears with calm and relaxed responses.

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29
Q

SD: what is reciprocal inhibition

A

The idea that it’s impossible to experience two contrasting emotions at the same time

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30
Q

SD: Hierarchy of fear

A

The HOF is constructed by patients and the therapist. Situations with phobic object are ranked from least to most feared

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31
Q

SD: Relaxation techniques

A

Patients are taught deep muscle relaxation techniques such as PMR (progressive muscular relaxation) Which allows them to feel more comfortable and relax

32
Q

SD: Gradual exposure

A

This is when the patient is gradually exposed to their phobic object, and they work there way up the hierarchy of fear. They must use relaxation techniques while exposed. Through repeated exposure, the phobia is eliminated

33
Q

Positive evaluation of systematic desensition

A
  1. Less traumatic for phobias than other behavioural therapies like flooding. This is because they do not have to directly confront their phobia all at once and can gradually get over it. Therefore, there can be slightly less ethical implications and less upsetting
  2. Jones (1924) supports use of SD to eradicate ‘little Peters’ phobia. He was presented with a white rabbit at gradually closer distances where his anxiety lessened, and eventually developed affection white rabbit, which was generalised to all fluffy objects, so SD can work to eliminate phobias
  3. Klosko (1990) supports SD. Assessed various therapies for treatments of disorders and found 87% patients were clear of panic after SD, compared to 50% with medication and 36% for a placebo. Shows how SD is more effective that other treatments
34
Q

Negative evaluation of systematic desensitisation

A
  • Not always practical for someone to be desensitised by confronting real life situations which can be difficult to arrange and control. Eg those who are afraid of sharks
  • some critiques believe that addressing the symptoms are only the tip of the iceberg and claim underlying causes of phobias will still remain and in the future they will return. Or symptom substitution will occur when abnormal behaviour is replaced with one’s that have been removed
35
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

A method that involves building an association between two different stimuli so learning can take place

36
Q

strengths of behavioural approach to explaining phobias (two process model) (2+)

A
  • provides good explanations as to how phobias are learned and maintained. They are learnt by classical conditioning or social learning and then maintained by operant conditioning. This is useful for therapies as explains why patients must be exposed to phobic object in order to stop avoidance and cease their phobic behaviour.
  • Model is also backed up by various researchers, e.g. little albert which demonstrates how phobias can develop through classical conditioning/ bad experience. Bandura also supports idea of social learning. A person acted like they were in pain when a buzzer sounded and people watched, and these people later heard the buzzer and showed the same response. Therefore, social learning is an effective method in learning a phobia
37
Q

Weaknesses of behavioural approach to explaining phobias (two process model) (3-)

A
  • Limited as ignores other factors than can cause phobias - doesn’t take into account biological/evolutionary factors that can cause them, as some may have more genetic vulnerability to develop phobias and model would ignore this.
  • Many people who have a traumatic experience, such as a car accident, do not then go on to develop a phobia (e.g. of cars/driving), so classical conditioning does not explain how all phobias develop.
  • some have phobias with items they have never encountered. One study found that 50% of ppl have dog phobia yet have never had a bad experience with one, thus showing that learning cannot be the factor as to why they have this phobia
38
Q

What does the cognitive model propose about depression

A

That suffers have distorted and negative thinking - and thus can be more prone to developing the illness

39
Q

Cognitive triad - Beck

A

He believes people become depressed due to having negative outlook and developing negative schemas. These may develop in childhood due to adults being overly critical of them. The schemas continue into adulthood and provide a negative framework that can cause depressive thoughts

40
Q

Three stages of the cognitive triad

A

Step 1- negative thoughts about self - may feel worthless and criticise themselves.

Step 2 - negative thoughts about world - negative and distorted thinking on wider scale - ‘I’m bad at everything’

Step 3 - negative thoughts about future - thinks badly about future, can seem bleak and negative. Can cause low self esteem and suicidal thoughts

41
Q

Positive evaluation of cognitive approach by Beck (3+)

A
  • has become v influential within psychology during last 30 years. This is as theory has been based on sound experimental research that is objective. Seems as if negative thoughts are common amongst depressed patients and have key role in developing illness.
  • critiques the behavioural approach when looking at depression causes. Behavioural states depression causes by your environment and learning but CA disagrees and states it happens due to negative thinking (-) Instead combining the approach’s to from the CB approach looks and both C and B elements when looking at depression
  • Terry (2000) assed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability before and after birth. Found that women who had high cognitive vulnerability to negative thinking, more likely to suffer post natal depression. Supports CA approach that negative thinking can cause depression
42
Q

Negative evaluation of cognitive approach by Beck (2-)

A
  • limitation of CA is that cause and effect is not clear. Do negative thoughts cause depression? Or does depression come first and cause the thinking? Cause and effect must be investigated further so psychologists are certain negative thinking causes depression
  • his theory can be criticised, as it doesn’t explain how some symptoms of depression can develop. Some may show symptoms of anger, hallucinations and bizarre beliefs. Eg. COTARD SYNDROME ( depressed patient may believe they are a zombie)
43
Q

Elli’s ABC model and what is it

A

Proposed model to explain how irrational and negative beliefs are formed

A - Activating event: patients record events leading to negative thinking and and this is triggered by an event around them, eg exam failure. Activating event can have negative effect on mood

B - Beliefs: patients record their thoughts associated with the event ( may be irrational or rational)

C - Consequences: patients record the emotional response to their beliefs. Irrational beliefs can lead to negative feelings such as upset. E.g failed test and consequence is I feel upset

44
Q

Positive evaluation of ABC model (3)

A
  • Bates (1999) found depressed participants who were given negative thoughts became more depressed. If we know what causes depression and negative thinking we can help provide effective treatments for curing depression
  • based on sound scientific evidence that permits objective testing. This allows improvement of the model and a great understanding of depression.
  • supporting evidence that ppl who develop depression in adulthood usually experienced insecure attachments in childhood. Therefore, seems to be a link between insecure attachments that contribute to negative thinking and thus depression in adulthood.
45
Q

Aim and Method of CBT

A

Aims for cognitive restructuring and disputing and changing irational thoughts

  1. Identify irrational thoughts known as ‘thought catching.’
  2. Then, generate a hypothesis to test the validity of their irrational thoughts. This is known as the ‘patient as scientist.’
  3. in order to test the hypothesis the patient
    - might gather data about incident and then compare them with the hypothesis.
    -may also complete homework in between sessions to test irrational thoughts.
    - They may use a diary to record events and identify situations that occur so these can be targeted
  4. The patient is then praised by the therapist when they report positive thoughts (positive reinforcement)
46
Q

Positive evaluation of CBT (4)

A
  1. strength is its v effective when treating patients with mild depression as it stops it from getting worse. Therefore, more applicable for mild depressive symptoms (rather than heavy ones).
  2. It is widely respected and supported by large amount of research as therapy for depression. Offered as a cost-effective treatment for many disorders in the NHS. More economical than things like psychodynamic approach.
  3. tends to get to root of underlying causes of the depression. Can uncover real underlying issues that can cause it, eg. Divorce. This is good as others like drugs and treatment usually don’t get to root cause of problem, and maybe only mask symptoms. Therefore, CBT can be a cure for depression.
  4. long term cure for depression. Once CBT has done, it has lasting positive outcomes and high chance of cured patient. Thus, less likely to suffer relapse compared to other treatments eg. Placebos. Cost effective treatment, where patients are unlikely to come back to hospital needing further treatment.
47
Q

Negative evaluation of CBT

A
  • as it is a v effective treatment for mild depression, it it not a very good treatment for treating very severe symptoms of depression, and instas treatments like medications or anti-depressive drugs are more effective.
  • unlike CBT, anti-depressive drugs is the most popular treatment. This is as it requires less effort than CBT. Even Cujipers (2013) found that CBT is more effective when paired with drug therapy. Therefore, we may have to use drugs alongside it in order for it to be more effective.
48
Q

REBT - Ellis and DEF

A

Rational emotive behavioural therapy aims to:
Change automatic irrational thoughts into more effective and rational ones. They use logical arguments to challenge these beliefs and empirical arguments to show patient self defeating beliefs aren’t constant with reality.

DEF:
- disrupting irrational thoughts and behaviour
- Effects of disrupting and effective attitude to life
- feeling/emotion

49
Q

REBT - homework

A

They are asked to complete homework assignments between therapy sessions which is vital for testing irrational beliefs in the real world, and replacing them with rational ones.

50
Q

Positive evaluation of REBT model

A
  • Flannaghan (1997) supports idea that its effective in treating depressive stroke victims. Therefore, suggest REBT is a suitable treatment for specific groups of depressed ppl and can help them be more positive
  • Objective research to support the use of CBT. David (2008) compared 170 depressive patients who had 14 weeks of REBT vs depressive patients with a drug. After 6 months, outcomes were compared, and it was found that REBT patients had better long term treatment for depression
51
Q

Negative evaluation of REBT

A
  • It’s unclear wether distorted negative thinking is cause of depression or merely a symptom. If its a symptom, REBT isn’t tackling root cause of depression and could return. This means it hasn’t been cured properly.
  • reliant on depressed clients being articulate and being able to talk about their thought process clearly. Cannot work with those who are unable to speak about their problems or don’t feel comfortable doing so. So you may have to consider other treatments such as drugs
  • problem is that the success of the treatment depends on the skill of the therapist; the better they are, the better therapeutic outcomes, which is essential for the treatments effectiveness. So the psychologist has to be highly skilled and have a good rapport with their client
52
Q

What is OCD

A

It’s an anxiety disorder.

The DSM-V classifies it as a disorder whereby a patient displays repetitive compulsions and obsessive thinking

53
Q

Emotional/behavioral characteristics of OCD (3) (A.A.G)

A
  1. Anxiety - obsessions and compulsions are source of anxiety and distress, and suffers can be aware these are excessive but not consciously controllable
  2. Accompanying depression - OCD often accompanied with depression.
  3. Guilt and disgust - sometimes involves negative emotions like guilt over minor issues
54
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD (RORA)

A

R - they recognise that obsessive thoughts are self-generated

O - obsessions are recurrent, intrusive thoughts seen as inappropriate or forbidden eg. Doubts and impulses

R - most sufferers realise they thoughts and behaviours are inappropriate but can’t stop them

A - attention bias. Perception tends to be focused on generating stimuli with more attention payed to the stimulus creating anxiety. They may be very vigilant and look for things to justify their high anxiety

55
Q

COMT gene

A

Gene that causes OCD. This is because it regulates neurotransmitter dopamine - high levels cause OCD.

56
Q

SERT gene

A

The gene is responsible for affecting transportation of serotonin, and causes low levels of it, and thus low moods. They have gene on chromosome 17 and is probably caused by a mutation.

57
Q

Research on SERT gene

A

Research by Ozaki (2003) found evidence that 6/7 families with OCD had mutation on SERT gene. This causes mutations and then lower serotonin and a link between OCR and depression. Therefore, OCD does have a genetic basis

58
Q

OCD - positive evaluation of genetic explanations

A
  1. Nestadt (2000) supports genetic explanation for OCD. He found people who had a relative with 1st degree OCD were 5x more likely to get it. Therefore, supports idea that it is transmitted genetically.
  2. Billet (1998) support idea OCD is genetically transmitted. He found from meta-analysis of 14 twins studies that OCD is 2x more likely concordant in monozygotic twins that dizygotic twins, therefore supporting idea of genetic transmission
59
Q

OCD - negative evaluation of genetic explanations

A
  1. Criticism could be concordance rates are not 100% for OCD. Thus, OCD isn’t entirely caused by genetics, and that genetics fails to take into account psychological and environmental factors that may cause it.
  2. Another criticism could be that OCD is that its polygenic and thus one single gene isn’t responsible for causing OCD. OCD has been linked with things like Tourette’s and autism, and therefore OCD is complex and might be related to other illnesses too.
  3. The behavioural approach would contradict genetic explanation for OCD, as 2 process model would suggest it’s learnt through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning and reinforcement. Many OCD clients are even treated with behavioural therapies like exposure
  4. The diathesis model would argue OCD is caused by combination of genes and a trigger in environment, thus genes are not sole cause of OCD, and would need to combine with other factors to cause OCD.
60
Q

Beekman and Cath research into genetics

A
  • meta-analysis on twin studies of OCD over last 70 years
  • MZ twins compared with DZ ones
  • results found (in children) OCD is inherited via genes and genetic influence ranges from 45%-65%
  • results found (in adults) OCD is inherited via genes and genetic influences ranges from 27%-47%
  • conclusion was OCD is transmitted genetically and this was more prominent when examining children
61
Q

Positive evaluation for neural explanation

A
  1. Great deal of research to support neurotransmitters like serotonin causes OCD. Anti-depressant drugs increase seretonin levels snd have been seen t reduce symptoms of OCD, thus there is evidence that low levels of seretonin cause OCD.
  2. Research by Ciccerone (2000) supports neural explanation for OCD. He found giving OCD patients low doses of drug called Risperidone helped lower dopamine levels and relieve OCD levels, thus it seems high dopamine levels are a biological cause for OCD
  3. Menzies (2000) suggest evidence to support genetic link to abnormal levels of neurotransmitters. He studies MRI scans in OCD patients and their family members. It was found OCD patients and family both had reduced grey matter in key regions of brain and unusual neuroanatomy. Concluded that OCD can be caused by unusual brain structure via inheritance of genes
62
Q

Negative evaluation for neural explanation (3)

A
  1. Disadvantage is that neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin might not necessarily cause OCD. Instead high dopamine and low serotonin levels may be an effect of OCD. Therefore, must be cautious when looking at cause and effect of OCD.
  2. Problem with explanation is that OCD is co morbid with depression. Thus, its not clear if low seretonin causes OCD, depression or both. Thus, link between low seretonin levels and OCD may not be very clear and should be further investigated
  3. Role of dopamine in causes OCD can also be questioned. It’s been found that high levels of dopamine also cause other psychological illnesses, not just OCD. For example, can cause bipolar or schizophrenia. Hence, not enough research can be said to have argued that high Dopamine levels cause OCD and that combination of factors may be responsible
63
Q

What part of the body in OCD suffers malfunctions

A

The basal ganglia, which are a series of interconnected brain structures at front of brain. It’s responsible for voluntary movements, habit learning, cognition etc. Overreactive basal ganglia can cause repetitive motor functions

64
Q

SSRI drugs

A

They prevent re uptake of serotonin and rolling activity in synapse, so person is less anxious and has higher levels of serotonin. These help regulate mood and reduce anxiety.

Will also help reduce ‘worry circuit’ which is a thing implanted with low serotonin levels whereby there is damage in frontal cortex and fails to stop suppressing minor worry signals. Drugs will help reduce and normalise this.

They are prescribed for 12-16 weeks

65
Q

SNRI drugs

A

These are new type of drug that increase serotonin levels and noradrenaline, which are suitable for patients who cannot tolerate SSRI drugs.

66
Q

Positive evaluation of anti-depressants (SSRI)

A
  1. Supporting evidence that SSRI is effective treatment for OCD. Soomro (2009) who reviewed 17 studies that compared the drug to placebos for treating OCD and found all stated that SSRI’s are more effective than placebo, especially if paired with CBT
  2. They are cheap and cost effective in comparison to other psychological therapies, like CBT or therapy. Therefore, its good value for money for the NHS and is economical compared to other treatments
  3. An advantage is that they are relatively effective as 70% of patients experienced decline in symptoms when using them (+). However, other 30% tended to opt for a combination of therapies and SSRI’s for treatment, possible demonstrating how its only effective if paired with other treatments too (-)
67
Q

Negative evaluation of SSRI’s

A
  1. Can be criticised as not all work for all OCD patients. Some patients symptoms aren’t lifted by the drug and have to use other drugs like tricyclics instead as it may have better effect.
  2. Problem with them is that they have terrible side effects that mean OCD patients might stop taking them. They are temporary but include things such as indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive.
  3. Koran (2007) had criticised use of drugs to relieve symptoms of OCD. He states that while drug therapy is common but does not provide long term and lasting cure for OCD, and instead psychological therapies like CBT should be used first to help reduce OCD symptoms to avoid relapsing.
68
Q

What are BZ drugs

A

They help reduce anxiety and control of actions of neurotransmitters. They reduce activity of nervous system and brain arousal. They also reduce blood pressure and heart rate. Can also decrease serotonin levels but they make them less happy and more depressed

They try and increase GABA which is a neurotransmitter that slows down the firing of neutrons and makes someone less anxious and calmer and thus more relaxed.

69
Q

Positive evaluation of BZ drugs

A
  1. They are very effective at reducing anxiety and OCD symptoms. Used by millions worldwide and good at reducing anxiety and OCD on a mass global scale.
  2. They work quick and effectively in curing symptoms of OCD compared to other psychological treatments. They begin to relive symptoms in a short time so patients can see immediate effects and benefits of relief.
  3. They can be used for short periods with hardly any side effects (unlike SSRI’s). Thus, side effects are minimised with BZ in the short term and this is an attractive prospect for OCD patients
70
Q

Negative evaluation of BZ drugs

A
  1. If used long term,they can cause unwanted side effects like drowsiness and depression. Patents will also be more susceptible to being involved in accidents, thus BZ is not effective for long term treatment of OCD.
  2. Ashton (1997) found long term users became overly-dependent on the drug and sudden withdraws led to return of high anxiety levels and symptoms. Also the problem of tolerance/drug escalation whereby if the patient must take a large amount of drug to reduce symptoms due to building up a tolerance.
  3. Stewart (2005) criticised long term use of BZ as they cause impairment of speed and processing of verbal learning. Effects are temporary but still negative. Stewart used meta analysis and found clear evidence that long term use leads to cognitive impairments, and these improved when BZ drugs were withdrawn, but still below patients who never took drug.
71
Q

REBT: DEF

A
  • D) disrupting irrational thoughts and behaviour:
    Disputing occurs when self-defeating beliefs don’t follow logically from info available. Self-deafeating beleifs may not be consistent with reality
  • E) Effects
    chnages self-defeating beleifs into rational ones. Depressed can move away from negative thinking
  • F) feeling/emotion
    Depressed patients begin to think in more rational way and feel better = + impact on behaviour
72
Q

What is the process of flooding

A
  • learnt relaxation techniques before (Eg. Muscle relocation, deep breathing, meditation).
  • immediately exposed to phobic object in extreme situations. Can be done irl or virtually by imagining situation.
73
Q

What does flooding cause and why/results of flooding

A
  • stops phobic response quickly as patient doesn’t have option of avoidance and quickly learn phobic option isn’t scary. Thus extinction occurs.
  • patient may achieve relaxation in presence of object as they’re so existed by own fear response.
74
Q

Is Flooding ethical. Why/why not

A

Flooding is ethical, even though it can cause large physicolgical harm.

  • patient must give full informed consent to be fully prepared for flooding.
  • patients given choice of SD or Flooding
75
Q

Evaluation of flooding (1+ 1-)

A
  1. Wolpe (1960) supports flooding to remove phobia of being in cars. A girl was forced into a car and driven for 4 hrs until hysteria was eradicated. Demonstrates effectiveness of flooding for treatment.
  2. Disadvantage is that it’s traumatic experience and many might be unwilling to continue therpay until the end. Time + money may be wasted preparing patients for flooding and then patient may decide they don’t want to complete treatment, thus phobia is uncured. This also means it’s unsuitable or children as it’s traumatic

Shyam - PYSCHOLOGY (10 decks)

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