Pysch/Soc IV Flashcards
What does the acronym OCEAN stand for when determining personality?
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
What does it mean to have high vs low openness to experience?
High: embrace new ideas, experience and values difference in people
Low: Prefers formality over novelty, conservative and resistant to change
What does it mean to have high vs low conscientiousness?
High: Competence and order, manages time well, strives to achieve
Low: Disorganized, less disciplined, can be irresponsible
What does it mean to have high vs low extraversion?
High: Gregarious, outgoing, energized
Low: Solitary activity, drained by social events
What does it mean to have high vs low agreeableness?
High: Thinks of others, goes with the flow
Low: High maintenance, holds strong opinions
What does it mean to have high vs low neuroticism?
High: High levels of emotion, can be impulsive
Low:Experiences more and ability to cope with emotions and well with stress
What is personality?
Thought, feelings, ways of thinking about things, belief and behaviour
What is the life course perspective?
Understand lives for a cultural, social and structural perspective
-looks at past to see how it motivates current behaviour and how you make decisions
What is the psycho analytic perspective?
Personality is shaped by the unconscious
-mental illness is the result of unconscious conflict which often stems from childhood
What did freud say about human behaviour?
Human behaviour is motivated by libido (drive for life) but people are also motivated by the death drive (drives dangerous/destructive behaviour)
What are the 3 kinds of thinking according to freud?
Id: unconscious and responsible for our desire to avoid pain and seek pleasure (inner child)
Ego: Logical thinking and planning as we deal with reality (adult without competing desires)
Super ego: moral judgement of right and wrong, strives for perfection (internal parent)
What are the phases of psychosexual development?
Oral (0-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latency (6-12) Genital (12+)
Why is Erik Erikson famous?
Added more stages onto Freuds psychosexual model but called it the psychosocial model
-looked more at issues in identity formation
What are the psychosocial stages of development stages?
- Trust vs. Mistrust Hope 0 - 1½
- Autonomy vs. Shame Will 1½ - 3
- Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose 3 - 5
- Industry vs. Inferiority Competency 5 - 12
- Identity vs. Role Confusion Fidelity 12 - 18
- Intimacy vs. Isolation Love 18 - 40
- Generativity vs. Stagnation Care 40 - 65
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom 65+
What is the behaviouralist approach to personality?
Personality is the result of learned behaviour patterns based on environment
Who is BF Skinner and what did he focus on?
Focused on specific reinforcements that produced their behaviour
-he was only interested in behaviour reinforcement and punishment to completely determine behaviour
What is the humanistic perspective?
We are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their highest potential and personality
-conflicts occur when this is thwarted
What did Carl Rodgers aY?
He said the goal of development is establishment of a differentiated self concept
-Self activation is accomplished when parents exhibit unconditional positive regard instead of conditions (should not have strings attached to love)
What is the social cognitive perspective?
Personality results of reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive, and environmental factors
What did Albert bandura say?
Patterns of behaviour are learned via observational learning based on personality
(has multiple other names)
What is trait theory?
Habitual patterns of behaviour, thought and emotion are relatively stable over time based on personality
What are cardinal traits?
The dominating trait, normally used to distinguish someone
What are central traits?
How you and others would describe you
-stable across different situations
What are 2nd traits?
Sometimes related to attitudes of preferences
-dependent on situation
What is the biological perspective?
Personality is the result of individual differences in Brian biology
What is behavioural genetics?
Nature vs nurture (and how much of each)
- Look at shared environment (SES, education) and non shred (group)
- trying to see for heritable traits
If you take the psychoanalytic perspective what is the root, how do you treat and that kind of therapy do you use?
Root: Unconscious conflict
Treat: Make the conscious be conscious
Therapy: Psychotherapy
If you take the humanistic perspective what is the root, how do you treat and that kind of therapy do you use?
Root: Condition and regard
Treat: Providing unconditional and regard. let the client guide the process
Therapy: Client centered
If you take the Behavioural perspective what is the root, how do you treat and that kind of therapy do you use?
Root: Reinforcement and punishment
Treat: Reinforce better behaviour
Therapy: Behavioural therapy
If you take the Social Cognitive perspective what is the root, how do you treat and that kind of therapy do you use?
Root: Observation behaviour and cognition
Treat: Reinforce Better thoughts and provide better models
Therapy: Cognitive behavioural therapy
What is motivation?
Driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways
What is dive?
Any need puts stress on the body, and we do anything to alive the negative aspect
- it is a negative feedback loop
- Maintaining homeostasis
What is Maslows Needs?
Human behaviour is motivated by a hierarchy of needs
-need to complete the level above before trying to achieve the next needs level
What are Maslows needs starting from the bottom?
Psychological needs Safety needs Belongingess and love Esteem needs Self actualization
What are emotions?
How we experience and respond to interned and external stimuli
What are the 3 aspects that contribute to emotions?
Physiological: arousal of physical body
Behavioural: Expression of behaviour
Cognitive: Appraisal and interpretation of the situation
What is James Lang’s theory of emotion
Psychological arousal causes emotion
What is Cannon bards theory of emotion?
Emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously
What is Schachter-Singers theory of emotion?
Added cognitive interpretation, emotion is determined by arousal and context
What is the Yerks-Dodson law?
Optimal level of emtional arousal for performance
-the moderate taste have the highest level of performance
What are the 6 universal emotions
Happiness Sadness Anger Surprise Fear Disgust
What are the 3 different responses to stress?
Physiological (acute and chronic stress)
Emotional (depression, anxiety)
Behavioural (Addictive behaviours)
What is the cognitive appraisal of stress?
How it is interpreted in the individual
-primary and secondary responses
What is social support?
Is the perception ion reality that one is a member of a supportive social network
What is the buffering hypothesis?
keeps stress at bay
What is the direct health hypothesis?
Directly relieves stress
What is the general adaptation syndrome (Selyes)?
Describes stages in response to stress
What are the 3 stages in response to stress based on the general adaptation syndrome (Selyes)?
Alarm: Arousal of the PSNS, body armed for immediate action
Resistance: Body tries to resist the prolonged stres
ExhaustionL Body cant keep up with prolonged needs to ward off stress
What is cognitive dissonance ?
What attitudes and behaviour contradict each other
-we change attitude to match behaviour never the other way round
