Psych/Soc Class VI Flashcards
What is the limbic system?
Controls emotion and memory
What are the different parts of the limbic system?
Hippocampus: Processes and integrates memory
Amygdala: Anger
Hypothalamus: hunger and sex drive
What are ways to evaluate the brain structurally?
CT can
MRI
What are ways to evaluate the brain functionally?
EEG (electrical activity)
fMRI (see Brian as its working)
PET (images of Brian in action via radioactive glucose)
What its the difference between functional and structural brain evaluations?
Structural only gives a snap shot of brain and can’t observe brain in action over time
What is neural plasticity?
changes in the neural pathways in the brain
-rewires itself
What is longterm potentiation?
Connections between neutrons strength (though to be how we learn and memorize)
What are the 3 stages of memory?
Encoding (memorize)
Storage (long or short term)
Retrieval (RECALLING INFO)
Roughly how are memories stored?
Sensory info comes in, we can either save it (attended) or lose it (unattended). It foes into short term and its lost if it is not encoded to longterm,. You have to reverse it to keep it in longterm
What is the difference between the primary effect and the recency effect?
Primary is remembering things at the beginning of the list
Recency is remembering things at the end of a list
What do we call it when primary and recency effect are combined?
Serial position effects
What is the working memory (baddely model)?
Central executive which controls congnitive processes and is made up of:
1: phonological (short term by repeating)
2: Visuospatial sketch ( visual and spatial)
3: Episodic buffer (linking what you are doing wth meaning of the past experiences)
What are the different ways to encode information into the brain?
Rehearsal Chunking Elaboration (organize and understand material) Self reference Spacing Mnemonics
What does sensory memory store?
Ionic (Visual) acoustic/echoic (auditory)
Decays quickly
-visual stays <1 sec
-auditory stays 2-4sec
What does short term memory store?
Stores up to 7 items for 1-4 mins
-chunking helps with this
What does long term memory store?
Permanent retention
Info is semantically encoded
What are the 2 forms of long term memory storage?
Explicit: Consciously considered truth
Implicit: Unconsciously considered truth
What are the 2 categories of Explicit longterm memory?
Episodic: personally experienced
Semantic: general knowledge of facts and information
What are the 2 categories of implicit longterm memory?
Procedural: motor skills
Classical conditioning
What is a retrieval cue?
Anything that helps you remember something
What is priming?
Exposure to 1 influences the response to another stimulus
What are the 2 kinds of priming you can have?
+ priming speeds up processing
- priming slows down processing
What is the difference between context and state dependent memory?
Context: retrieve stuff better when in same context
State: Same internal state when retrieving memory
What are the different ways to recall info?
Free recall: recall info in any order
Cued recall: retrieval from 1 for more cues
Recognition
Relearning: relearning info quicker than the first time you learned it
What are the different types ono memory?
Flashbulb: emotionally arousing events
Eidetic (photographic)
Reproductive: accurate retrieval of info
Prospective: remember to do something in future
Dual coding: words and visual to later recall
Levels of processing: depth of processing
Reminiscence bump: remembering 10-30 years ago but not events closer to you
Practice effect
Method of Loci: visual and spatial
Peg words
What are intrusion errors?
Substitute something similar in meaning but is not exact
- we rebuild memory every time we recall it
- said ono be reconstructive and therefore prone to error
What is displacement?
Replacing items in the buffer or middle
What kind of memory loss happens in sensory memory?
decay
What kind of memory loss happens in short term memory?
Decay
Intrusion error
Displacement
What kind of memory loss happens in long term memory?
Decay
Interference
Retrieval failure
What is interference?
Competing info blocks retrieval
What are the 2 categories of interference?
Proactive: prior memories interfere with stuff you already learned
Retroactive: new info interferes with the stuff you already know
What memory improves with age?
Semantic
Emotional intelligence
What memory remains stable with age?
Implicit
Crystallized intelligence
What memory decreases with age?
Episodic Source Divided attention Operational span in working memory Processing speed
What is source monitoring error?
Misidentifying the origins of your knowledge
What is a false memory?
Make up memory for something that didn’t happen
What is misinformation?
Episodic memory becomes less accurate because of post info works backwards in time
What is anterograde?
Cant create new memories
What is retrograde?
Loss of access to retrograde memory
What is non associative learning?
Organism changes the magnitude of the response due to repeated exposure
What are the 3 ways in which we can categorize non associative learning?
habituation: réponse diminishes
Dishabituation: remains stimulus
Sensitization: very sensitive to stimulus, more annoyed and cant tune It out
What is classical conditioning (associative learning)?
2 stimuli paired with the response in that response to 1 stimuli changes
-Ivan pavlov and dog experiment
What are the different phases of classical conditioning?
Acquisition phase: hoping to acquire the association
1st extinction: loss pf condition stimulus to lose lose condition response
Spontaneous recovery: extinct condition happens with stimulus
2nd extinction: strength of response decreases
What is generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning?
Generalization: other stimulus stimtlatesthe same condition
Discrimination: conditioned stimulus is distinguished from another similar stimuli
What is operant conditioning (associative learning)?
Reinforcement are employed to mold behavioural repsonses
What is a reinforcement?
increase likelihood of behaviour happening again, get a reward
What are the 2 kinds of reinforcements?
+ adds something that’s. rewarding. to organism
- takes something away thats pleasant to increase likelihood of something happening
What is a punishment?
Decreases likelihood of behaviour happening again
What are the 2 kinds of punishments?
+ add something that organisms won’t like to decrease behaviour
- takes something away that is desirable so they don’t do something again
What is the Dopamine reward pathway?
Reinforcement are more effective because of dopamine
What are the differences between primary and secondary reinforcements?
primary: dont have to learn that we want this )neatly desire)
Secondary: learn to want it
What are the differences between primary and secondary punishments?
Primary: without learning we dont like
Secondary: learning to not like
What is a token economy?
System where behaviour are reinforced with token and can later be exchanged for derivable stimuli, but they can become reliant on this stimuli
What is a reinforcement schedule?
Frequency that organism receives punishment or reinforcement
What are the different kinds of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous: reinforcement after every single response
Fixed ratio: Reinforcement after set # of responses
Variable: reinforcement after variable # of response
Fixed interval: after set amount of time
Fixed variable: after variable amount of time
What is an extinction burst?
No longer getting reinforcement they are accustomed to
What is shapping?
Show organism what you want them to do
What is discriminative stimulus?
Increases response when present because you have learned
What is instinctive drift?
behaviour we teach animals is disruptive to intrinsic behaviour
What are the 2 biological processes that affect observational learning?
Mirror neurons
Vicarious emotions
What are mirror neurons?
Fire some pattern when we observe another perform a known action
-those that fire together wire together
What are vicarious emotions?
feeling what others feel
What insight learning?
Solution to problem suddenly comes to us in what m might be a “flash of insight”
-Ex: Köler chimp studies with 2 sticks and a bunch of bananas
What is latent learning?
Learning happens but isn’t obvious, material learned revealed later
-Ex: rats in maze with cheese
