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Psych/Soc MCAT > Psych/Soc Class VI > Flashcards

Psych/Soc Class VI Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Controls emotion and memory

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2
Q

What are the different parts of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus: Processes and integrates memory
Amygdala: Anger
Hypothalamus: hunger and sex drive

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3
Q

What are ways to evaluate the brain structurally?

A

CT can

MRI

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4
Q

What are ways to evaluate the brain functionally?

A

EEG (electrical activity)
fMRI (see Brian as its working)
PET (images of Brian in action via radioactive glucose)

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5
Q

What its the difference between functional and structural brain evaluations?

A

Structural only gives a snap shot of brain and can’t observe brain in action over time

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6
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

changes in the neural pathways in the brain

-rewires itself

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7
Q

What is longterm potentiation?

A

Connections between neutrons strength (though to be how we learn and memorize)

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A

Encoding (memorize)
Storage (long or short term)
Retrieval (RECALLING INFO)

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9
Q

Roughly how are memories stored?

A

Sensory info comes in, we can either save it (attended) or lose it (unattended). It foes into short term and its lost if it is not encoded to longterm,. You have to reverse it to keep it in longterm

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10
Q

What is the difference between the primary effect and the recency effect?

A

Primary is remembering things at the beginning of the list

Recency is remembering things at the end of a list

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11
Q

What do we call it when primary and recency effect are combined?

A

Serial position effects

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12
Q

What is the working memory (baddely model)?

A

Central executive which controls congnitive processes and is made up of:

1: phonological (short term by repeating)
2: Visuospatial sketch ( visual and spatial)
3: Episodic buffer (linking what you are doing wth meaning of the past experiences)

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13
Q

What are the different ways to encode information into the brain?

A 
Rehearsal
Chunking
Elaboration (organize and understand material)
Self reference 
Spacing
Mnemonics
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14
Q

What does sensory memory store?

A

Ionic (Visual) acoustic/echoic (auditory)
Decays quickly
-visual stays <1 sec
-auditory stays 2-4sec

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15
Q

What does short term memory store?

A

Stores up to 7 items for 1-4 mins

-chunking helps with this

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16
Q

What does long term memory store?

A

Permanent retention

Info is semantically encoded

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17
Q

What are the 2 forms of long term memory storage?

A

Explicit: Consciously considered truth

Implicit: Unconsciously considered truth

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18
Q

What are the 2 categories of Explicit longterm memory?

A

Episodic: personally experienced

Semantic: general knowledge of facts and information

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19
Q

What are the 2 categories of implicit longterm memory?

A

Procedural: motor skills

Classical conditioning

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20
Q

What is a retrieval cue?

A

Anything that helps you remember something

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21
Q

What is priming?

A

Exposure to 1 influences the response to another stimulus

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22
Q

What are the 2 kinds of priming you can have?

A

+ priming speeds up processing

  • priming slows down processing
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23
Q

What is the difference between context and state dependent memory?

A

Context: retrieve stuff better when in same context

State: Same internal state when retrieving memory

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24
Q

What are the different ways to recall info?

A

Free recall: recall info in any order
Cued recall: retrieval from 1 for more cues
Recognition
Relearning: relearning info quicker than the first time you learned it

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25
Q

What are the different types ono memory?

A

Flashbulb: emotionally arousing events
Eidetic (photographic)
Reproductive: accurate retrieval of info
Prospective: remember to do something in future
Dual coding: words and visual to later recall
Levels of processing: depth of processing
Reminiscence bump: remembering 10-30 years ago but not events closer to you
Practice effect
Method of Loci: visual and spatial
Peg words

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26
Q

What are intrusion errors?

A

Substitute something similar in meaning but is not exact

  • we rebuild memory every time we recall it
  • said ono be reconstructive and therefore prone to error
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27
Q

What is displacement?

A

Replacing items in the buffer or middle

28
Q

What kind of memory loss happens in sensory memory?

A

decay

29
Q

What kind of memory loss happens in short term memory?

A

Decay
Intrusion error
Displacement

30
Q

What kind of memory loss happens in long term memory?

A

Decay
Interference
Retrieval failure

31
Q

What is interference?

A

Competing info blocks retrieval

32
Q

What are the 2 categories of interference?

A

Proactive: prior memories interfere with stuff you already learned

Retroactive: new info interferes with the stuff you already know

33
Q

What memory improves with age?

A

Semantic

Emotional intelligence

34
Q

What memory remains stable with age?

A

Implicit

Crystallized intelligence

35
Q

What memory decreases with age?

A 
Episodic
Source
Divided attention
Operational span in working memory
Processing speed
36
Q

What is source monitoring error?

A

Misidentifying the origins of your knowledge

37
Q

What is a false memory?

A

Make up memory for something that didn’t happen

38
Q

What is misinformation?

A

Episodic memory becomes less accurate because of post info works backwards in time

39
Q

What is anterograde?

A

Cant create new memories

40
Q

What is retrograde?

A

Loss of access to retrograde memory

41
Q

What is non associative learning?

A

Organism changes the magnitude of the response due to repeated exposure

42
Q

What are the 3 ways in which we can categorize non associative learning?

A

habituation: réponse diminishes

Dishabituation: remains stimulus

Sensitization: very sensitive to stimulus, more annoyed and cant tune It out

43
Q

What is classical conditioning (associative learning)?

A

2 stimuli paired with the response in that response to 1 stimuli changes
-Ivan pavlov and dog experiment

44
Q

What are the different phases of classical conditioning?

A

Acquisition phase: hoping to acquire the association
1st extinction: loss pf condition stimulus to lose lose condition response
Spontaneous recovery: extinct condition happens with stimulus
2nd extinction: strength of response decreases

45
Q

What is generalization and discrimination in classical conditioning?

A

Generalization: other stimulus stimtlatesthe same condition

Discrimination: conditioned stimulus is distinguished from another similar stimuli

46
Q

What is operant conditioning (associative learning)?

A

Reinforcement are employed to mold behavioural repsonses

47
Q

What is a reinforcement?

A

increase likelihood of behaviour happening again, get a reward

48
Q

What are the 2 kinds of reinforcements?

A

+ adds something that’s. rewarding. to organism

  • takes something away thats pleasant to increase likelihood of something happening
49
Q

What is a punishment?

A

Decreases likelihood of behaviour happening again

50
Q

What are the 2 kinds of punishments?

A

+ add something that organisms won’t like to decrease behaviour

  • takes something away that is desirable so they don’t do something again
51
Q

What is the Dopamine reward pathway?

A

Reinforcement are more effective because of dopamine

52
Q

What are the differences between primary and secondary reinforcements?

A

primary: dont have to learn that we want this )neatly desire)

Secondary: learn to want it

53
Q

What are the differences between primary and secondary punishments?

A

Primary: without learning we dont like

Secondary: learning to not like

54
Q

What is a token economy?

A

System where behaviour are reinforced with token and can later be exchanged for derivable stimuli, but they can become reliant on this stimuli

55
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

Frequency that organism receives punishment or reinforcement

56
Q

What are the different kinds of reinforcement schedules?

A

Continuous: reinforcement after every single response
Fixed ratio: Reinforcement after set # of responses
Variable: reinforcement after variable # of response
Fixed interval: after set amount of time
Fixed variable: after variable amount of time

57
Q

What is an extinction burst?

A

No longer getting reinforcement they are accustomed to

58
Q

What is shapping?

A

Show organism what you want them to do

59
Q

What is discriminative stimulus?

A

Increases response when present because you have learned

60
Q

What is instinctive drift?

A

behaviour we teach animals is disruptive to intrinsic behaviour

61
Q

What are the 2 biological processes that affect observational learning?

A

Mirror neurons

Vicarious emotions

62
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Fire some pattern when we observe another perform a known action
-those that fire together wire together

63
Q

What are vicarious emotions?

A

feeling what others feel

64
Q

What insight learning?

A

Solution to problem suddenly comes to us in what m might be a “flash of insight”
-Ex: Köler chimp studies with 2 sticks and a bunch of bananas

65
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning happens but isn’t obvious, material learned revealed later
-Ex: rats in maze with cheese

Psych/Soc MCAT (7 decks)

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