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PYSC 100 > PYSC 100 Chapter 15 > Flashcards

PYSC 100 Chapter 15 Flashcards

1
Q

social psychology

A

The study of how the immediate social context as well as broader cultural environments influence people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions

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2
Q

core motivations that underlie actions

A
  1. to belong and form trusting relationships with others
  2. to understand the world and feel a sense of control over our actions and outcomes
  3. to perceive ourselves and our groups positively
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3
Q

Fusiform Face Area (FFA)

A

underlies facial recognition

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4
Q

Impression

A

schemas that organize the associated pieces of information we know about a person, like a mental file folder

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5
Q

Two key dimensions that capture our attention

A

Competence and Warmth

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6
Q

Heuristics for forming impressions

A

Transference, false consensus effect

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7
Q

Transference

A

tendency to assume that a new and familiar person has the same traits as another, known person whom they resemble in some way.

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8
Q

False consensus

A

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people’s beliefs and attitudes are similar to our own.

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9
Q

Impression management

A

A series of strategies that people use to influence the impressions that others form of them

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10
Q

Impression management strategies

A

Self-promotion, Ingratiation, Exemplification, Intimidation, Supplication

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11
Q

Ingratiation

A

To be seen as likable
ex. congratulating a friend

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12
Q

Attribution

A

Assignment of a casual explanation for an event, action, or outcome

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13
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

A

The tendency to assume that people’s actions are more the result of their internal dispositions than of the situational context- Internal Attribution

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14
Q

People raised in ___ cultures, where group harmony is valued over the individual agency, are more sensitive to situational constraints

A

collectivistic

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15
Q

Internal attribution

A

Believing peoples actions are caused more so by who they are as people than the situation (aka FAE)

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16
Q

External Attribution

A

Believing peoples actions can be explained by situational context

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17
Q

Self-Serving attributions

A

The attributions people make for their own behaviors or outcomes: We tend to make dispositional attributions for positive events but situational attributions for negative events

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18
Q

Affective Forecasting Errors

A

People’s inability to accurately predict the emotional reactions they will have to event
(because we overestimate the influence of some factors and underestimate the influence of others)

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19
Q

Attitude

A

An orientation toward some target stimulus that is composed of:
an affective feeling, a cognitive belief, and a behavioral motivation toward the target

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20
Q

Implicit attitude

A

An automatically activated evaluation of a stimulus ranging from positive to negative, often learned through repeated exposure to a person, place, thing, or issue

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21
Q

Implicit attitude

A

An automatically activated evaluation of a stimulus ranging from positive to negative- often learned through repeated exposure to a person, place, thing, or issue

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22
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

A

A theory of persuasion contending that attitudes can change by two different routes: a central route that focuses on the strength of the argument and a peripheral route that is sensitive to more superficial cues

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23
Q

Central route

A

relies on more thoughtful, reflective processes. people form a positive attitude when the evidence is strong and form a negative attitude when the evidence is weak.

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24
Q

Peripheral route

A

more slapdash and impressionable. attitudes are swayed by surface-level features and more automatic associations.

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25
Q

Compliance Strategies

A

used to change behavior more directly without targeting people’s attitudes towards the product, idea, or message.

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26
Q

changing of someone else’s attitude

A

persuasion

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27
Q

Door-in-the-face strategy

A

big request followed by a smaller request. elicits guilt after people decline so they feel more open to a smaller one

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28
Q

foot in the door approach

A

small request followed by a bigger request. people who comply to the first will be more likely to comply to the second

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29
Q

social proof

A

comparing to other people to show it is worth supporting

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30
Q

scarcity principle

A

where people tend to place higher value on things that are short in supply

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31
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A sense of conflict between people’s attitudes and actions that motivates efforts to restore cognitive consistency

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32
Q

Post-decision dissonance

A

when we have to forgo an option that we have a positive attitude toward

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33
Q

Western vs Collectivist Dissonance

A

Western: when their actions are out of sync with their personal attitudes
Collectivist: when their actions are out of sync with the attitudes of important others or with the way they wish to appear in others’ eyes

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34
Q

effort justification

A

a person’s tendency to attribute the value of an outcome they put effort into achieving as greater than the objective value of the outcome

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35
Q

social norms

A

the patterns of behavior, traditions, and preferences that are tacitly sanctioned by a given culture or subculture.

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36
Q

conformity

A

The process by which people implicity mimic, adopt, or internalize the behaviors and preferences of those around them.

37
Q

Informational social influence

A

Pressure to conform to others’ actions or beliefs based on a desire to behave correctly or gain an accurate understanding of the world.

38
Q

Normative social influence

A

Pressure to conform to others’ actions or beliefs in order to gain approval from others or avoid social sanctions

39
Q

Deindividuation

A

losing sight of our own personality

40
Q

factors that influence conformity

A

Unanimity, Size of group, Culture, Low Self-Esteem, Deindividuation, conformity to our social role

41
Q

Social Facilitation

A

An enhancement of the dominant behavioral response when performing a task in the mere presence of others; easy or well-learned tasks are performed better, but difficult or novel tasks are performed worse

42
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for individuals to expend less effort on a task when they are doing it with others rather than alone

43
Q

Homogeneity in a group

A

Means that everyone gets along very well and with relatively little conflict, can also lead to bias decision making

44
Q

Group polarization

A

tendency for people’s attitudes to become more extreme after they discuss an issue with like-minded others.

45
Q

Groupthink

A

A form of biased group decision making whereby pressure to achieve consensus leads members of the group to avoid voicing unpopular suggestions.

46
Q

Stanley Milgram Experiment

A

In Milgram’s classic studies of obedience, participants were instructed to flip switches on this shock generator to administer what they believed to be increasingly painful electric shocks for each memory error made by a learner.

47
Q

General Agression model

A

An integrative framework of the various factors and psychological processes that contribute to an act of aggression.

48
Q

Most potent triggers of angry outbursts caused by

A

personal slights and insults that threaten our fundamental need for belonging and acceptance

49
Q

Obedience

A

changing behaviors in response to a demand from an authority figure

50
Q

Weapons effect

A

A phenomenon whereby simple exposure to a gun or weapon can increase aggressive responses by bringing violent thoughts to mind

51
Q

prosocial behavior

A

actions aimed at assisting others toward their goals.

52
Q

kin selection

A

An evolved or adaptive strategy of assisting those who share one’s genes, even at personal cost, as a means of increasing the odds of genetic survival.

53
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

An automatic tendency to help others who have helped in the past or are expected to help in the future

54
Q

Daniel Batson’s key to altruism

A

empathy

55
Q

empathy gap

A

The inability to accurately simulate the mental suffering of another person.

56
Q

Kitty Genovese is an example of

A

Bystander effect

57
Q

Bystander effect

A

The lower likelihood of people coming to the aid of a victim when in the presence of other observers than if they are alone.

58
Q

What is needed to intervene in an emergency

A
  1. Acknowledging it
  2. Interpret the event as an emergency
  3. Take personal responsibility for helping
  4. know what needs to be done
  5. follow through with some plan
59
Q

Pluralistic ignorance

A

A situation that can occur when people are collectively unaware of each other’s true attitudes or beliefs.

60
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

A tendency for people in a group to assume that someone else is in a better position to act or has already acted

61
Q

Need to belong theory

A

biological need for interpersonal connection
isolation can cause mood and anxiety problems

62
Q

stereotypes

A

Mental representations or schemas that summarize the beliefs and/or associations we have for a group of people. Used mostly when we have little energy to properly sort things out.

63
Q

complementary stereotypes

A

attribute both positive and negative traits to certain groups

64
Q

prejudice

A

A negative attitude toward a group or members of a group

65
Q

discrimination

A

A tendency for individuals to receive different treatment or outcomes as a result of their membership in a given social group

66
Q

Realistic group conflict theory

A

A theory asserting that negative intergroup attitudes develop whenever groups compete against one another for access to the same scarce resources

67
Q

ingroup

A

someone’s social group which by thinking positively about themselves, people tend to extend positive emotions to as well

68
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

A theory that explains why people develop a more positive attitude toward their own ingroup than towards outgroups. Having positive feelings about your ingroup by having negative ones about outgroups

69
Q

outgroups

A

other groups

70
Q

minimal group paradigm

A

experiment used to form groups based only on purported similarity of artistic preferences, perceptual biases, or even a random flip of a coin

71
Q

Ingroup favoritism

A

favoring those in your ingroup, giving more of the goods to their own group than to others

72
Q

Symbolic racism

A

The tendency to redirect one’s prejudice towards a racial or ethnic group to the policies that might benefit that group.

73
Q

implicit racial bias

A

occurs when people have negative attitudes or formulate stereotypes (about members of a different race) that are easily and automatically associated with thoughts about that racial group.

74
Q

Aversive racism

A

A tendency, even among egalitarian-minded people, to have unconscious negative reactions to people of racial or ethnic outgroups

75
Q

Contact hypothesis

A

The proposal that prejudice can be reduced through sanctioned, friendly, and cooperative interactions between members of different groups working together as equals towards a common goal.

76
Q

four important elements of positive contact that can help reduce prejudicial attitudes

A
  1. working together
  2. as equals
  3. toward a common goal
  4. in an environment where those in the position of authority support social change
77
Q

jigsaw classroom

A

A technique to reduce intergroup prejudice by dividing an assignment among a diverse group of students and having them learn the information cooperatively.

78
Q

mere exposure effect

A

all things being equal, the more we see something the more we like it.
our attitudes, interests, and backgrounds shape the contexts we seek out, so people around us are often similar to us.

79
Q

Chameleon effect

A

we mimic the mannerisms, accents, and speech of people we like and when people do this we like them more.

80
Q

sexual selection

A

the physical differences between men and women lead to the evolution of sex differences in mating strategies that enhance genetic survival.

81
Q

parental investment theory

A

A theory that predicts sex differences in attraction due to the greater time, effort, and risk assumed by women than by men during procreation

82
Q

social role theory

A

different social roles to men and women
women have traditionally held fewer higher status positions

83
Q

triangular theory of love

A

A model that specifies passion, intimacy, and commitment as distinct elements that combine in various ways that lead to different types of love

84
Q

3 most important things in a happy marriage

A

faithfulness
a happy sexual relationship
equity

85
Q

Poor conflict management

A

(criticism), a tendency to be hostile or dismissive of the other person’s point of view
(contempt), denial of any personal responsibility (defensiveness),
withdrawing from any further conversation (stonewalling)

86
Q

self-disclosing

A

leads to feeling more socially connected and less lonely

87
Q

frequent checking of social media

A

predicts a drop in momentary happiness and life satisfaction

88
Q

3 unique aspects of online dating

A
  1. have access to many more potential dating partners in a short period of time
  2. mode of communication is different
  3. match a user to potential partners who seem to be the best fit for the user’s interests

PYSC 100 (11 decks)

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