Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PYSC 100 > PSYC 100 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

PSYC 100 Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Visual cortex

A

V1
Basic features of an image, low-level feature
contains feature detectors neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Secondary virtual cortex

A

V2/ Visual association cortex
start to represent object structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

After V2

A

Higher levels of visual cortex
Hierarchical Analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

Tells you what something you see is
Damage results in the imparimet of recognizing the objects identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

Tells you where something is
Damage could cause problems in processing location, depth, and motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

MT (motion cortex)

A

motion region,
damage to this leads to Akinetopsia- cant see motion, but only series of static images

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motion perception

A

done by comparing previously perceived images to what is currently being perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phi affect

A

perception of flashing lights as movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Photopigment

A

Exist in photoreceptors, varies in how strongly they react to different wavelengths of visible light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 types of photopigment

A

Each are more sensitive to one of 3:
Short-Blue, Medium-Green, Long-Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Normal color vision

A

having 3 types of cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Monochromacy

A

missing 2 types of cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dichromacy

A

missing 1 type of cone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

any one color patch could be matched by the additive mixing of three lights of different wavelengths, all of our color experiences could be created by combining these three wavelength components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors that allow us to see things at night,
do not process color
do contain a single type of photopigment whose favorite wavelengths is in the green-blue range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Opponent process theory

A

the responses of cones are combined in bipolar and ganglion cell layers to create 3 sets of opponent color responses, explains color afterimage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Audition

A

the sense of hearing
translating sound waves into sensations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pitch

A

corresponds to the frequency of its wave
human hearing rage is betweeen 20000 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

loudness

A

amplitude of its wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

purity/timbre

A

complexity of a wave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 properties of sound

A

Pitch, Loudness, Purity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Middle ear

A

begins at eardrum, includes ossicles, 3 bones (hammer anvil and stirrup) take signals amplify and translate into waves in the inner ear, ends at oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

inner ear

A

contains the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cochlea

A

filled with fluid that is moved when ossicles push and pull on the oval window

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cochlea causes

A

basilar membrane to vibrate, which causes
tiny sensory neurons (cilia) to bend and
trigger neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Place theory

A

specific places along the cochlea transduce specific sounds based on how the basilar membrane vibrates. best for sounds from 5000 Hz to 20000Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Frequency theory

A

hair clesss fire at the frequency of the sounds they transduce. Works up to 100 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Volley theory

A

hair cells could fire at their highest rate slightly out of sync to bridge between 100Hz and 5000 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The primary auditory cortex is

A

tonotopic- which means that its receptive fields are arranged by tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Olfaction

A

the sense of smell
can distinguish 1000-1 trillion odors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Epithelium

A

Along the top of the nasal cavity, different smells are randomly represented on the epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Places in brain associated with olfaction

A

Primary olfactory cortex and limbic system, olfactory association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gustation

A

the sense of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

taste buds

A

detect specific basic flavors, contain tiny invisible pores
each pore contains 50-100 taste receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

supertastors

A

have more taste receptors than the average person, flavors taste stronger to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

tongue to brain

A

3 never tracks connect the tongue to the brain, thalamus, primary gustatory cortex, secondary taste regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

All sensory sensations go here except olfaction

A

Thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

pathage of smell

A

goes directly to the olfactory bulb then to the olfactory cortex then the limbic then the olfactory association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

pathage of taste

A

medulla and thalamus, gustatory, somatosensory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

somatosensation

A

refers generally to senses that are detected by never endings under the skin
touch, pressure, and pain
◦Light touch, deep pressure, and temperature are detected by specialized
nerve endings
◦Touch, temperature, and pain are also detected by free nerve endings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

touch pain and temperature first travel to

A

spinal cord may activate spinal reflexes

42
Q

proprioception

A

our sense of where our body is at any given time
alcohol can severely affect this

43
Q

vestibular sense

A

our sense of balance, controlled by semicircular canals which are in the inner ears, also controlled in part by the cerebellum

44
Q

kinesthesis

A

our sense of body and parts moving through space
provides info about how resistance influences our ability to move

45
Q

interoception

A

is our internal sense of the bones and organs
Supported by the insular cortex
◦Important for detecting internal pain
and abnormalities in our bodies

46
Q

perceptual set

A

when our expectations influence what we perceive

47
Q

perceptual constancy

A

“correcting” for variation in order to interpret what we are perceiving

48
Q

monecular depth cues

A

can be perceived using only one eye
ex. linear perspective
texture gradient
relative size

49
Q

binocular depth cues

A

perceive based on differences between the eyes
convergence and retina disparity

50
Q

gestalt principles

A

proximity, similarity, continuation, and closure

51
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical sensations by a sense organ
bottom-up process

52
Q

perception

A

the brain’s interpretation of raw sensory information
includes top-down processing as well, which can
change what we report about sensations.

53
Q

transduction

A

the energy outside the body is turned into a nerve signal

54
Q

sense receptors

A

what allow transduction to occur

55
Q

sensory adaptation

A

continuous stimulus
takes place at the level of receptors
ex. no longer smell your perfume

56
Q

perception adaptation

A

continuous perception
at a higher level of neurons representing the stimulus
ex. seeing emotional faces

57
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of how we perceive sensations

58
Q

absolute threshold

A

the very minimum required to
perceive a sensation 50% of the time

59
Q

liberal bias

A

more likely to say “yes”, can lead to false alarm

60
Q

conservative bias

A

more likely to say “no”, can lead to a “miss”

61
Q

signal detection theory

A

Understanding how humans make decisions under conditions of uncertainty

62
Q

just noticeable difference

A

minimum change in a stimulus for an
observer to detect a difference 50% of the time.

63
Q

weber’s law

A

difference thresholds increase as the stimulus size increases
the stronger the stimulus, the bigger difference is required to be noticeable

64
Q

doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

that the type of sensation
reported depends on the receptor, NOT the input

65
Q

McGurk effect

A

Seeing a mouth can affect what you hear

66
Q

light

A

electromagnetic energy

67
Q

photons

A

Basic unit (of all forms of electromagnetic radiation)

68
Q

wavelength

A

hue

69
Q

amplitude

A

brightness/intensity

70
Q

of different waves:

A

saturation

71
Q

humans are best at perceiving

A

RGB

72
Q

what dictates which parts of the spectrum animals
are sensitive to.

A

receptors

73
Q

cornea

A

the transparent layer at the front of the eye,
that covers both the pupil & iris

74
Q

pupil

A

a hole in the iris

75
Q

iris

A

a muscle that gives eyes distinctive color,
controls the size of pupils to adjust how much light
enters

76
Q

lens

A

lies inside the eye, helps bend/focus light
through accommodation (changing its shape)
* Shape of the eye also helps focus light; incorrect
the shape can lead to near- or far-sightedness

77
Q

fovea

A

an area with high visual acuity in the center of the visual field

78
Q

retina

A

a thin membrane on the back of
the eye
contains both rods and cones

79
Q

Cones and Rods locations

A

Cones are concentrated in the fovea, some in the periphery
◦Rods are concentrated in the periphery

80
Q

What are cones for

A

Cones are good at color processing and have
high acuity (fine detail)

81
Q

What are rods for

A

Rods can’t process color but have high
sensitivity (good at detecting changes)

82
Q

What has more convergence, rod or cone

A

rods:
Cones in the fovea have more of a one-on-one
connection to cells farther down the line, showing
less convergence

Rods in the periphery demonstrate a much
greater degree of convergence, as many
individual rods are connecting later cells (ganglion
/ bipolar).

83
Q

Convergence

A

the way our eyes move together and point inward when we look at near objects.

84
Q

cone work best in

A

bright light condition

85
Q

rods work best in

A

low light condition and are the main groups of cells we rely on at night

86
Q

what happens after light hits the retina

A

rod and cone cells send signals to the next layers of cells in the retina called ganglion cells.
These cells pass their input out of the eye through the
optic nerve.

87
Q

blind spot

A

An area in the middle of the visual field where there are no photoreceptors and no information can be received.

88
Q

the process from the eye to the brain

A

Information from each visual hemifield reaches the
contralateral side of the retina, gets grouped together at
the optic chiasm to the contralateral side of the brain
hemisphere
AKA
retina-optic chiasm- a specialized visual nucleus of the thalamus- primary visual cortex (V1)

89
Q

Left visual field

A

right side of the retina, right brain hemisphere

90
Q

Right visual field

A

left side of the retina, left brain hemisphere

91
Q

images formed at V1

A

up-down flipped, left-right flipped
2. retinotopically organized

92
Q

sound wave

A

air pressure compression & expansion, caused by object’s vibration

93
Q

pinna

A

helps catch the sound waves and send to ear canal

94
Q

olfaction process

A

odor molecules combine with olfactory receptor proteins on olfactory cilia which belong to
olfactory receptor neurons on the epithelium

95
Q

Odors bind to odor receptors like a

A

lock and key

96
Q

taste is influenced by

A
  • olfactory signals
  • visual signals
  • auditory signals
97
Q

why is pain controlled by top-down processes

A

pain is gated by neurons in the spinal cord

98
Q

closure

A

we automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image.

99
Q

proximity

A

We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.

100
Q

similarity

A

elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar.

101
Q

continuation

A

we are more likely to see continuous and smooth-flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones.

PYSC 100 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions