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PYSC 100 > PSYC 100 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

PSYC 100 Chapter 4 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Primary Visual cortex

A

V1
Basic features of an image, low-level feature
contains feature detectors neurons

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2
Q

Secondary virtual cortex

A

V2/ Visual association cortex
start to represent object structure

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3
Q

After V2

A

Higher levels of visual cortex
Hierarchical Analysis

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4
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

Tells you what something you see is
Damage results in the imparimet of recognizing the objects identity

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5
Q

Dorsal pathway

A

Tells you where something is
Damage could cause problems in processing location, depth, and motion

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6
Q

MT (motion cortex)

A

motion region,
damage to this leads to Akinetopsia- cant see motion, but only series of static images

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7
Q

Motion perception

A

done by comparing previously perceived images to what is currently being perceived

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8
Q

Phi affect

A

perception of flashing lights as movement

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9
Q

Photopigment

A

Exist in photoreceptors, varies in how strongly they react to different wavelengths of visible light

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10
Q

3 types of photopigment

A

Each are more sensitive to one of 3:
Short-Blue, Medium-Green, Long-Red

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11
Q

Normal color vision

A

having 3 types of cones

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12
Q

Monochromacy

A

missing 2 types of cones

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13
Q

Dichromacy

A

missing 1 type of cone

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14
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

any one color patch could be matched by the additive mixing of three lights of different wavelengths, all of our color experiences could be created by combining these three wavelength components

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15
Q

Rods

A

Photoreceptors that allow us to see things at night,
do not process color
do contain a single type of photopigment whose favorite wavelengths is in the green-blue range

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16
Q

Opponent process theory

A

the responses of cones are combined in bipolar and ganglion cell layers to create 3 sets of opponent color responses, explains color afterimage

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17
Q

Audition

A

the sense of hearing
translating sound waves into sensations

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18
Q

Pitch

A

corresponds to the frequency of its wave
human hearing rage is betweeen 20000 Hz

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19
Q

loudness

A

amplitude of its wave

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20
Q

purity/timbre

A

complexity of a wave

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21
Q

3 properties of sound

A

Pitch, Loudness, Purity

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22
Q

Middle ear

A

begins at eardrum, includes ossicles, 3 bones (hammer anvil and stirrup) take signals amplify and translate into waves in the inner ear, ends at oval window

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23
Q

inner ear

A

contains the cochlea

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24
Q

cochlea

A

filled with fluid that is moved when ossicles push and pull on the oval window

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25
cochlea causes
basilar membrane to vibrate, which causes tiny sensory neurons (cilia) to bend and trigger neural impulses
26
Place theory
specific places along the cochlea transduce specific sounds based on how the basilar membrane vibrates. best for sounds from 5000 Hz to 20000Hz
27
Frequency theory
hair clesss fire at the frequency of the sounds they transduce. Works up to 100 Hz
28
Volley theory
hair cells could fire at their highest rate slightly out of sync to bridge between 100Hz and 5000 Hz
29
The primary auditory cortex is
tonotopic- which means that its receptive fields are arranged by tone
30
Olfaction
the sense of smell can distinguish 1000-1 trillion odors
31
Epithelium
Along the top of the nasal cavity, different smells are randomly represented on the epithelium
32
Places in brain associated with olfaction
Primary olfactory cortex and limbic system, olfactory association cortex
33
gustation
the sense of taste
34
taste buds
detect specific basic flavors, contain tiny invisible pores each pore contains 50-100 taste receptors
35
supertastors
have more taste receptors than the average person, flavors taste stronger to them
36
tongue to brain
3 never tracks connect the tongue to the brain, thalamus, primary gustatory cortex, secondary taste regions
37
All sensory sensations go here except olfaction
Thalamus
38
pathage of smell
goes directly to the olfactory bulb then to the olfactory cortex then the limbic then the olfactory association cortex
39
pathage of taste
medulla and thalamus, gustatory, somatosensory cortex
40
somatosensation
refers generally to senses that are detected by never endings under the skin touch, pressure, and pain ◦Light touch, deep pressure, and temperature are detected by specialized nerve endings ◦Touch, temperature, and pain are also detected by free nerve endings
41
touch pain and temperature first travel to
spinal cord may activate spinal reflexes
42
proprioception
our sense of where our body is at any given time alcohol can severely affect this
43
vestibular sense
our sense of balance, controlled by semicircular canals which are in the inner ears, also controlled in part by the cerebellum
44
kinesthesis
our sense of body and parts moving through space provides info about how resistance influences our ability to move
45
interoception
is our internal sense of the bones and organs Supported by the insular cortex ◦Important for detecting internal pain and abnormalities in our bodies
46
perceptual set
when our expectations influence what we perceive
47
perceptual constancy
"correcting" for variation in order to interpret what we are perceiving
48
monecular depth cues
can be perceived using only one eye ex. linear perspective texture gradient relative size
49
binocular depth cues
perceive based on differences between the eyes convergence and retina disparity
50
gestalt principles
proximity, similarity, continuation, and closure
51
sensation
detection of physical sensations by a sense organ bottom-up process
52
perception
the brain’s interpretation of raw sensory information includes top-down processing as well, which can change what we report about sensations.
53
transduction
the energy outside the body is turned into a nerve signal
54
sense receptors
what allow transduction to occur
55
sensory adaptation
continuous stimulus takes place at the level of receptors ex. no longer smell your perfume
56
perception adaptation
continuous perception at a higher level of neurons representing the stimulus ex. seeing emotional faces
57
Psychophysics
the study of how we perceive sensations
58
absolute threshold
the very minimum required to perceive a sensation 50% of the time
59
liberal bias
more likely to say “yes”, can lead to false alarm
60
conservative bias
more likely to say "no", can lead to a "miss"
61
signal detection theory
Understanding how humans make decisions under conditions of uncertainty
62
just noticeable difference
minimum change in a stimulus for an observer to detect a difference 50% of the time.
63
weber's law
difference thresholds increase as the stimulus size increases the stronger the stimulus, the bigger difference is required to be noticeable
64
doctrine of specific nerve energies
that the type of sensation reported depends on the receptor, NOT the input
65
McGurk effect
Seeing a mouth can affect what you hear
66
light
electromagnetic energy
67
photons
Basic unit (of all forms of electromagnetic radiation)
68
wavelength
hue
69
amplitude
brightness/intensity
70
# of different waves:
saturation
71
humans are best at perceiving
RGB
72
what dictates which parts of the spectrum animals are sensitive to.
receptors
73
cornea
the transparent layer at the front of the eye, that covers both the pupil & iris
74
pupil
a hole in the iris
75
iris
a muscle that gives eyes distinctive color, controls the size of pupils to adjust how much light enters
76
lens
lies inside the eye, helps bend/focus light through accommodation (changing its shape) * Shape of the eye also helps focus light; incorrect the shape can lead to near- or far-sightedness
77
fovea
an area with high visual acuity in the center of the visual field
78
retina
a thin membrane on the back of the eye contains both rods and cones
79
Cones and Rods locations
Cones are concentrated in the fovea, some in the periphery ◦Rods are concentrated in the periphery
80
What are cones for
Cones are good at color processing and have high acuity (fine detail)
81
What are rods for
Rods can’t process color but have high sensitivity (good at detecting changes)
82
What has more convergence, rod or cone
rods: Cones in the fovea have more of a one-on-one connection to cells farther down the line, showing less convergence Rods in the periphery demonstrate a much greater degree of convergence, as many individual rods are connecting later cells (ganglion / bipolar).
83
Convergence
the way our eyes move together and point inward when we look at near objects.
84
cone work best in
bright light condition
85
rods work best in
low light condition and are the main groups of cells we rely on at night
86
what happens after light hits the retina
rod and cone cells send signals to the next layers of cells in the retina called ganglion cells. These cells pass their input out of the eye through the optic nerve.
87
blind spot
An area in the middle of the visual field where there are no photoreceptors and no information can be received.
88
the process from the eye to the brain
Information from each visual hemifield reaches the contralateral side of the retina, gets grouped together at the optic chiasm to the contralateral side of the brain hemisphere AKA retina-optic chiasm- a specialized visual nucleus of the thalamus- primary visual cortex (V1)
89
Left visual field
right side of the retina, right brain hemisphere
90
Right visual field
left side of the retina, left brain hemisphere
91
images formed at V1
up-down flipped, left-right flipped 2. retinotopically organized
92
sound wave
air pressure compression & expansion, caused by object’s vibration
93
pinna
helps catch the sound waves and send to ear canal
94
olfaction process
odor molecules combine with olfactory receptor proteins on olfactory cilia which belong to olfactory receptor neurons on the epithelium
95
Odors bind to odor receptors like a
lock and key
96
taste is influenced by
- olfactory signals - visual signals - auditory signals
97
why is pain controlled by top-down processes
pain is gated by neurons in the spinal cord
98
closure
we automatically fill in gaps between elements to perceive a complete image.
99
proximity
We group closer-together elements, separating them from those farther apart.
100
similarity
elements that are similar are perceived to be more related than elements that are dissimilar.
101
continuation
we are more likely to see continuous and smooth-flowing lines rather than broken or jagged ones.

PYSC 100 (11 decks)

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