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PYSC 100 > PSYC 100 Chapter 3 > Flashcards

PSYC 100 Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Neuron

A

Cellular building block of the brain, a specialized kind of nerve cell found in the brain, spinal cord and
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Define Neuroscience

A

Study of how nerves and cells send and receive information from the brain, body, and spinal cord

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3
Q

Two parts of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

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4
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Sensory and motor nerves

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6
Q

Two parts of peripheral

A

Somatic and Autonomic

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7
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary movement

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8
Q

Autonomic

A

Automatic movement

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9
Q

Two parts of autonomic

A

Sympathetic and Para-sympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic

A

For exciting/dangerous situations
Life-threatening situations
- Increased heart rate, and breathing

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11
Q

Parasympathetic

A

For more relaxed situations
-Digesting, salivating, etc

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12
Q

Spinal cord

A

Part of the central nervous system, it connects the brain to the body

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13
Q

Interneuron

A

Connects neurons to one another, interprets, stores, and retrieves information about the world, allowing you to make informed decisions before you act

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The largest part of the cerebrum, it takes in sensory information and is responsible for higher function like your sense of mind and self

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15
Q

The 5 lobes of the cerebrum

A

Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal, Insular

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16
Q

The frontal lobe

A

Higher cognitive functions, thoughts, etc.

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17
Q

3 parts of the frontal lobe

A

Pre-Frontal, Broca’s Area, Motor cortex

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18
Q

Pre-frontal

A

Personality, Planning, Judgement

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19
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Found in the Left Hemisphere, it is responsible for the production of language.
Damage to Broca’s area can lead to the inability to produce language.

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20
Q

Motor cortex

A

Initiating motor movements
Premotor is for planning

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21
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory information and perception

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22
Q

Section of the parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory (detects sensation) cortex

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23
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Receives sensory information, areas that receive more sensory information are represented by larger areas in the brain

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24
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing, Memory, and Language

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25
Q

3 sections of the Temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s Area, Visual recognition

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26
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Receives auditory information

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27
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

The comprehension of language.
Damage to this area may cause someone to be able to produce language but not understand it

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28
Q

Visual recognition

A

Recognition of faces and objects
Damage to this area may cause facial blindness

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29
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Responsible for vision

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30
Q

Cortex of the occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex

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31
Q

Visual Cortex

A

Receives visual info
Damage to this area may cause Hallucinations, blindness etc.

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32
Q

Insular lobe

A

beneath frontal and parietal, taste

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33
Q

The cortex of the Insular lobe

A

Primary taste cortex

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34
Q

Primary taste cortex

A

Internal states fo organs, maintaining homeostasis,

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35
Q

Left and right control?

A

Right and left

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36
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects Hemispheres
Damage to this area may lead to a split-brain patient which gets their corpus callosum cut. Their hemispheres will not be able to communicate leading to perceptual difficulties.

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37
Q

Limbic system

A

Processes information about internal states; emotion, memory, motivation

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38
Q

5 parts of the limbic system

A

Thalamus, Hippocampus, Basal Glangia, Amygdala, and Hypothalamus

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39
Q

Thalamus

A

Switchboard: Sensory relay station
Damage can lead to sensory problems

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40
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains internal states, controls the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland
Damage can cause endocrine disorders such as diabetes, internal
temperature fluctuation

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41
Q

Amygdala

A

Excitement and fear
Damage can lead to the inability of feeling these and sense danger

42
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory formation
Damage can cause problems with forming new memories (mainly short-term)

43
Q

Basal Glangia

A

Control of movement communicates with the spinal cord. Planning of action
Damage linked to Parkinson’s

44
Q

Brain Stem

A

collects sensory signals from the
body and sends signals down from the
brain to create movement. It also plays
a role in emotion - related changes
in your body, allowing you to show fear
Damage can be lethal

45
Q

3 Parts of the brainstem

A

Pons, Medulla Oblongata and Midbrain

46
Q

Midbrain

A

Reflexive eye movements, motivation to move
Damage can lead to movement disorders and difficulties with vision

47
Q

Pons

A

Automatic movements like breathing, relays sensations like hearing, taste, balance to cortex and subcortex
Damage can lead to loss of sensation or motor control and difficulties with speech or swallowing

48
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Controlling autonomic function, critical reflexes
Damage to this area causes problems with heart beat , vomiting,

49
Q

Cerebellum

A

Coordination, precision, balance, accurate timing, cognition. Mostly automatic.
Damage will cause no difficultiy initiating movement but instead maintsinting balance and precision.

50
Q

Endocrine system

A

A network of glands that produces and releases hormones into the bloodstream to regulate the body’s activities

51
Q

Hormone

A

The blood-borne chemicals that travel through the circulatory system enabling the brain to regulate the body’s activities.

52
Q

Pituary gland

A

The master endocrine gland, located at the base of the brain, regulates hormone production in other
glands.

53
Q

Adrenal glands

A

located on top of the kidneys; produce ~50 hormones, active in stressful situations
-Adrenaline and cortisol
-Boost energy and increase heart rate,
blood pressure, and blood-sugar
levels
-Central to the stress response

54
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

Axon, Dendrite, Terminal Branch, Cell body/Soma

55
Q

Axon

A

Located between cell body and Terminal branches, it transports signals to other cells

56
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Made up of glial cells, insulates the axon

57
Q

Glial Cells (glia)

A

insulate and support neurons, and serve as cellular glue between neurons, also contributing to brain development.
-Greater Myelination associated with positive differences in brain activities
Myelin shrinks with normal aging
Degredation of Myelin (Demyelination)- neurodegenerative disease

58
Q

Dendrite

A

Receives signals from other cells

59
Q

Cell body/Soma

A

Creates proteins and new cell components

60
Q

Terminal branch

A

converts electrical signals into chemical messages to other neurons

61
Q

Action Potential:

A

Rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane, occurs when a neuron sends information down an axon, away from the cell body.
Resting potential
Rises to threshold
Rapidly depolarizes
Rapidly repolarizes then Hyperpolarizes-Refractory period
Returns to resting potential

62
Q

Resting state (polarized state)

A

negative intercellular environment
+positive extracellular environment

63
Q

Depolarization

A

positively charged ions flood into the neuron, setting a chain reaction as
they spread down the axon, causing more channels to open

64
Q

Repolarization

A

positive ions out, returning to the resting potential.

65
Q

Synapse

A

the space between
the terminal branches of the
sending neuron and the
dendrites of the receiving
neuron.

66
Q

Neurotransmission

A

converting the electrical
signal into a chemical one and pass to the next neuron. Occurs at the Terminal branch

67
Q

Refractory period

A

The period of time required for a neuron to return to its resting state before it can fire another action potential

68
Q

Receptors

A

recognize and bind with specific
neurotransmitters

69
Q

Removal mechanisms for leftover neurotransmitters

A

Diffusion, Degredation, Reuptake

70
Q

Diffusion

A

Drift out the snyapse

71
Q

Degredation

A

Chemical reaction that breaks down the neurotransmitters

72
Q

Reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are reabsorbed
into the presynaptic terminal (a selective process)

73
Q

Amino Acids trigger?

A

Glutamate, GABA, etc

74
Q

Monoamines trigger?

A

Dopamine, Serotonin

75
Q

Acetylcholine

A

an inhibitory and an excitatory signal, supporting heart, skeletal muscle, and cognitive function

76
Q

Agonist

A

A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter

77
Q

Antagonist

A

block these effects, competing with both naturally occurring neurotransmitters and agonists for
target receptors

78
Q

Neural Plasticity

A

refers to the brain’s ability to change, even into adulthood
can be in response to learning or disease/injury

79
Q

4 basic processes of Neural Plasticity

A

axon and dendrite growth
synaptogenesis
pruning (apoptosis)
myelination

80
Q

How is learning done?

A

through synapse formation, long term potentiation or changes in dendritic shape

81
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The process by which new brain cells are born in adult brains.

82
Q

EEG

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp measure
electrical activity in the brain
-high temporal resolution (milliseconds)
-non invasive
-affordable
-low spatial resolution

83
Q

fMRI

A

Strong magnetic fields used to visualize neural activity in the brain (using blood flow as an indicator of activity)
-High spatial resolution (1-5 mm^3)
-Non invasive
-Low temporal resolution (1-2 seconds)
-Expensive

84
Q

PET

A

Neuroimaging, can be used to diagnose Alzheimers disease
-Good spatial resolution
-Poor temporal resolution

85
Q

MEG

A

-Good temporal resolution
-Bad spatial resolution

86
Q

CT

A

X-ray images of brain from different angles to make 3D structure
Exposes patients to dangerous radiation

87
Q

Single cell recording

A

Insert a microelectrode inside the
brain to study electrical activity of a single neuron or a small area.
-mostly on animals
-ok temporal resolution
-ok spatial resolution

88
Q

Brain scans

A

Image= Experimental-Control

89
Q

Good spatial resolution

A

MRI, fMRI, Single-Cell recording, PET

90
Q

Good temporal resolution

A

EEG/ERP, MEG, Single-Cell recording

91
Q

Heritability

A

Percentage of the variability in a trait across a group of individuals that is due to genes, tells us nothing about how
changeable a trait is

92
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic Makeup

93
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits

94
Q

Natural Selection

A

Populations change gradually over time
Some individuals have adaptations making them better suited for the environment

95
Q

allele

A

A variant form of a gene; humans have two alleles per gene, one inherited from each parent

96
Q

family studies

A

Extent to which the trait “runs in the family”
Similar genes and environment

97
Q

Monozygotic

A

2 twins share 100% same genes

98
Q

Dizygotic

A

2 twins share 50% of their genes

99
Q

Twin studies

A

Same environment
50-100% shared genes

100
Q

Adoption studies

A

Shared genes with biological family
Shared environment with adopted family

PYSC 100 (11 decks)

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