PSYC 100 Chapter 2 textbook

Question 1

Scientific method

Answer 1

Theory- Hypothesis- Design- Data- Compare

Question 2

Theory

Answer 2

a set of propositions about what people do and why

Question 3

Hypothesis

Answer 3

a prediction about what will happen based on the theory

Question 4

Data

Answer 4

observations from a study, usually in numerical form, collected from people at certain times or in certain situations

Question 5

Replication

Answer 5

study has been conducted more than once on a new sample of participants and found the same basic results

Question 6

Journal

Answer 6

Scientific publications

Question 7

Variable

Answer 7

something of interest that can vary from person to person or situation to situation, at least 2 levels/values

Question 8

Measured variable

Answer 8

Something that cant be changed, simply oserved

Question 9

Manipulated variable

Answer 9

something the researcher controls by assigning different participants to different levels of that variable.

Question 10

Operational definition

Answer 10

determines how you will go about determining the values of the variable.

Question 11

Three types of research methods

Answer 11

Correlational, Experimental, Descriptive

Question 12

Descriptive research

Answer 12

focuses on one measured variable at a time with the goal of describing what is typical. Descriptive research asks, “What do people do, on average?

Question 13

Sample

Answer 13

a small group that participates in the research

Question 14

population of interest

Answer 14

from where the sample is selected

Question 15

random sampling

Answer 15

randomly choosing the people to participate in a study and make up the sample

Question 16

case study

Answer 16

when a condition is more rare case studies are done as in-depth examinations of one person’s experience, abilities, and behavior.

Question 17

Correlational research

Answer 17

the relationship between 2+ variables

Question 18

Three criteria to know if one variable causes another

Answer 18

• (Correlation) Both variables must be correlated
• (Temporal precedence) Must know which variable came first
  -No reasonable alternative explanation

Question 19

Experimental study

Answer 19

A study where one variable is manipulated and the other is measured, can provide evidence for causation

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

Hypothesized cause, Manipulated variable

Question 21

Dependent variable

Answer 21

Hypothesized effect, Measured variable

Question 22

Random assignment

Answer 22

random method is used to decide which participants will be in which group

Question 23

Validity

Answer 23

refers to the appropriateness or accuracy of some claim or conclusion

Question 24

3 questions regarding validity

Answer 24

-How well did the researchers operationalize the variables?
-Are the people they studied representative of the population of interest?
-Can we rule out the most plausible alternative explanations?

Question 25

Construct validity

Answer 25

how accurately the operationalizations used in a study capture the variables of interest.

Question 26

Reliability

Answer 26

the degree to which a measure yields consistent results each time it is administered

Question 27

External validity

Answer 27

ability to generalize to the population of interest

Question 28

Internal Validity

Answer 28

Can we rule out alternative explanations

Question 29

Confound

Answer 29

When the experimental groups accidentally differ on more than just the independent variable

Question 30

Variability

Answer 30

The extent to which the scores in a batch differ from one another

Question 31

Inferential statistics

Answer 31

use sample results to infer what is true about the broader population.

Question 32

Statistical Significance

Answer 32

rules of logic and probability to estimate whether the results obtained in a sample came from a particular population.

Question 33

3 ethical principles

Answer 33

Autonomy, Justice, Beneficence

Question 34

Autonomy

Answer 34

Conset

Question 35

Justice

Answer 35

Are the people in the study benefiting from it

Question 36

Beneficence

Answer 36

Is any harm worth the benefits of the study

Question 37

False positive

Answer 37

a statistically significant finding that does not reflect a real effect.