pure bio chapter 8 and 9 Flashcards
1
Q
chapter 8
what is osmoregulation
A
The control of water and solute concentrations in the blood to maintain a constant water potential in the body
2
Q
chapter8
what does ADH stand for
A
antidiurectic hormone
3
Q
chapter 8
where is ADH produced by and released
A
hyphotalamus, pituaitary gland
4
Q
chapter 8
function of ADH
A
increase permeability of cells in collecting duct to water
5
Q
chapter8
what happens when blood plasma water potential rises above normal
A
- pituitary gland release less ADH
- decrease permeability to water, reabsorb less water in collecting duct
- increase volume of urine, urine more diluted
- blood plasma water potential decreases to normal blood plasma water potential
6
Q
chatper 8
what happens when blood plasma water potential falls below normal
A
1.pituitary gland release more (ADH)
2.increase permeability to water, reabsorb more water in collecting duct
3.decrease volume of urine, urine more concentrated
4.blood plasma water potential increases back to normal blood plasma water potential
7
Q
chaoter 8
what happens when both kidneys fail
A
- harmful toxins and metabolic wasts like urea are not removed adequately which may lead to death
- water potential of blood cannot be maintained
8
Q
chapter 8
alternatives for kidney failure
A
- kidney transplant
- dialysis
9
Q
chapter 8
causes of kidney failure
A
- high blood pressure
- diabetes
- alcohol abuse
- servere accidents that damage kindeys
- complications from major surgeries
10
Q
chapter 8
explain diaysis process
A
- blood drawn from vein in paiteints arm
- blood pumped into dialysis machine through tubing via pump
- tubing bathed in dialysis fluid and tubing is partially permeable
- small molecules and metabolic waste products diffuse out of tubing. large molecules like platelets and blood cells remain in tubing
- filtered blood is returned into a vein of a paitient’s arm
11
Q
chapter 8
features of dialysis machine
A
-dialysis tubing narrow, long, coiled
-contains dialysis fluid
12
Q
chapter 8
explain features of dialysis tubing
A
it increases SA:V which rate of diffusion of substances is faster
13
Q
chapter 8
what does dialysis fluid contains
A
same composition as blood but lacks metabolic waste products
14
Q
chapter 8
why dialysis fluid and blood flow in opposite direction
A
maintain steep concentration gradient for removal of waste products
15
Q
chapter 8
what is excretion
A
the removal of metabolic waste products, toxic substances and substances in excess of the body’s requirements
16
Q
chapter 8
anabolism + catabolism=?
A
metabolism
17
Q
chapter 8
what is anabolic reaction
A
chemical reaction where simple substances are built up into more complex substances
18
Q
chapter 8
what is catabolic reaction
A
chemical reactions in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances
19
Q
chapter 8
what is metabolic reaction
A
The sum of all the chemical reactions within the body of an organism
20
Q
chapter 8
what does metabolic reaction produce
A
waste products that can harm the body if they accumulate.
21
Q
chapter 8
different types of metabolic waste
A
excess water, carbon dioxide, urea, excess mineral salts, bile pigments
22
Q
chapter 8
what are the excretory organs in human body
A
lungs, liver, kidneys, skin
23
Q
chapter 8
what are the different organs in human urintary system
A
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
sphincter muscle
24
Q
chapter 8
function of kidney
A
excrete urea and excess salts as urine
25
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function of ureter
transports urine formed in the kidney to the bladder
26
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function of sphincter muscle
controls the exit of urine from the bladder
* when the muscle relaxes, it allows urine to flow into the urethra
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function of bladder
stores urine temporarily
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function of urethra
duct where urine passes from the bladder out of the body
29
# chapter 8
structure of nephron
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henlé
Distal Convoluted Tubule
collecting duct
30
# chapter 8
how is blood circulated at the kidneys
1. Afferent arteriole (small branch of the renal artery) carries blood into the glomerulus.
2. Glomerulus is a knot of blood capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule
3. An efferent arteriole transports blood away from the glomerulus
4. The blood continues into the blood capillaries surrounding the nephrons.
5. Blood capillaries eventually lead into a branch of the renal vein.
31
# chapter 8
what are the 2 main process of urine formation
1. ultrafiltration
2. selective reabsorption
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what does ultrafiltration require
1. High blood pressure in the glomerulus
2. Selectively permeable membrane
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why need high pressure in glomerulus
high blood pressure forces blood plasma out of the glomerular blood capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule.
34
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what is filtered out during ultrafiltration
water
amino acids
glucose
urea
mineral salts
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what is absorbed back into the blood
all glucose and amino acids
some water and mineral salts
36
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adaptations of glomerulus
it has:
1. glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries
2. blood capillary walls are one-cell thick
3. capillary walls have tiny pores + covered by thin partially permeable membrane
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what is network of blood capillaries for
increase SA for increased rate of ultrafiltration
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what is blood capillary walls
are one-cell thick for
decrease distance travelled by filtered substances
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why capillary walls of glomerulus have tiny pores + covered by thin partially permeable membrane for
only allow small soluble molecules/ions to pass through
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what is selective reabsorption
where useful substances like glucose amino acids some water and mineral salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream
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what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule
All glucose and amino acids
Most mineral salts and water
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what is reabsorbed at the loop of henle
some water and mineral salts
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what is reabrobed at the distal convoluted tubule
some mineral salts and water
44
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what is reabsorbed at the collecting duct
some water
45
# chapter 8
mineral salts reabsorbed via what
via diffusion and acitive transport
46
# chapter 8
glucose and amino acids reabsorbed via what
acitve transport
47
# chapter 8
water reabsorbed via what
osmosis
48
# chapter 9
what are hormones
Hormones are chemical substances produced in minute quantities by endocrine glands.
They are transported by blood to target organs where it exerts its effects.
After performing their functions, they are destroyed in the liver.
49
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function of endocrine glands and what it is
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstreamm
50
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function of exocrine glands and what it is
Secrete chemical substances via a duct into external environment
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example of endocrine glands
islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas
pituitary glands
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example of exocrine glands
gastric glands
sweat glands
salivary glands
pancreas
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pituitary gland secrete what
secrete ADH
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pancreas is what gland
both endocrine and exocrine
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endocrine functin (pancreas)
Secrete insulin and glucagon directly into bloodstream
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# chapter 9
exocrine function in pancreas
Secrete pancreatic juice
via pancreatic duct
57
# chapter 9
when is insulin secreted
Secreted when blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels
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what happens when the blood glucose concentration rise above normal
islets of langerhans of the pancreas will secrete more insulin which will stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose to glycogen and increase the permeability of cell membrane to glucose, increase use of glucose for repiration. this causes blood glucose concentration to decrease back to normal
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when is glucagon secreted
secreted when blood glucose concentration falls below normal
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what happens when the blood glucose concentration falls below normal
islets of langerhans of the pancreas will secrete glucagon which will stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose this causes blood glucose concentration to increase back to normal
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what is type 1diabetes
-Early-onset ; inherited
-Pancreas does not produce enough insulin
-Blood glucose concentration remains high
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what is type 2 diabetes
-Late-onset ; developed
-Liver and muscle cells do not respond to insulin
-Blood glucose concentration remains high
63
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how to manage type 2 diabetes
lead active lifestyle
avoid sendentary lifestyle
eating healthy food
maintaining a healthy body weight
64
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what is homostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.
65
# chapter 9
example of homeostasis
1. body temperature
2. water potential
3. blood glucose concentration
66
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what are the principles of homeostasis
1. normal: set point to be maintained
2. stimulus: a change in the internal environment
3. receptor: detects the stmulus
4. control centre: sends signa;s to effectors
5. corrective mechanism: carried out by effectors to reverse the effect of the stmulus(restore the system)
67
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how is the principles of homeostasis carried out
1. stimulus :condition rises above/falls below normal
2. this is detected by the receptor which sends signals to
3. control centre which sends signals to
4. effectors which carries out
5. corrective mechanism which causes condition to increase/ decrease back to normal
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what is postitive feedback
process where a system reacts to a stimulus in a way that has an amplifying effect to the stimulus
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what is negative feedback
process where a system reacts to a stimulus in a way that has a opposite effect to the stimulus
70
# chapter 9
explain what happens when blood glucose concentration rises above normal in terms of homeostasis
1. blood glucose concentration rises above normal stimulates
2. the receptors which is the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are stimulated to send signals out by effectors to
3. carry out the corrective mechanism: pacreas secrete more insulin, stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert glucose to glycogen, increase permeability of cell membrane to glucose, increase use of glucose for respiration
4. blood glucose concentration decreases back to normal
71
# chapter 9
explain what happens when blood plasma water potential rises above normal in terms of homeotasis
1. blood plasma water potential rises above normal stimulates the
2. receptors which is the hypothalamus in our brain to send effectors to
3. carry out the corrective mechanism: pituitary gland release less adh, decrease permeability of CD to water, decrease water reabsorbed into blood, increase volume of urine, urine more diluted
4. blood plasma water potential decreases
72
# chapter 9
what is thermoregulation
maintenance of relatively constant body temperatures regardless of external conditions
73
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what happens to our skin when body temperature rises above normal
1. valodilation of arteries near skin surface
2. sweat glands becomes more active and produce more sweat
3. metabolic rate decreased
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how does vasodilation of arterioles near skin surface help
- more blood flows to capillaries in skin
- more heat lost through skin
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how does increased sweat production by sweat glands help
- more water in sweat evaporates from skin
- more heat lost via vaporisation
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how does decrased metabolic rate help
-reduce heat released in body
77
# chapter 9
what happens to our skin when body temperature falls below normal
1. vasoconstriction of arterioles near skin surface
2. sweat glands becomes less active produce less sweat
3. metanolic rate increased
4. hair eractor muscles contract
5. shivering
78
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how does vasconstriction of arterioles near skin surface help
- less blood flows to capillaries in skin
- less heat lost through skin
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how does producing less sweat by sweat glands help
- less water in sweat evaporates from skin
- less heat lost via vaporisation
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metabolic rate increase help
less heat released in body
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how does hair erector muscles contract help
-hair stand, trapping more heat
less heat lost through skin
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how does shivering help
shivering is a reflex contraction of body muscles which increases heat released
83
explain what happens when bloood and skin temp increase above normal in terms of homeostasis
1. blood and skin temp rises above normal would stimulate the
2. thermoreceptors and send signals to the hypothalamus which would send signals out by the effectors to carry out the
3. corrective mechanisim: arterioles vasodilate, sweat production increase, metabolic rate decrease
4. blood and skin temp decrease back to normal
84
# chapter 9
explain what happens when blood and skin temp decreases below normal in terms of homeostasis
1. blood and skin temp drops below normal would stimulate the
2. thermoreceptors and send signals to the hypothalamus which would send signals out by the effectors to carry out the
3. corrective mechanisim: arterioles vasoconstrict, sweat production decreases, metabolic rate increases, shivering occurs, (only in animals with a lot of fur: hair erector muscle contract)
4. blood and skin temp increases back to normal
85
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stucutre of the skin + function of each part
1. blood capillaries (arteriole): vasodilation, vasoconstriction
2. hair follicle
3. hair: trap heat
4. hair erector muscle: muscle contract, causing hair to stnad
5. sweat gland: secrete sweat. amt of swear depands on external and internal env
6. thermoreceptor: detect temp changes
7. adipose tissue: act as insulator
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what are sensory recptors
receptors that enable us to sense pain, pressure and temp changes in external env
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how is heat gained
1. vigorous muscular excerise
2. consumption of hot food
3. being in warm env
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how is heat lost
1. through skin
2. evaporation of water in sweat
3. faeces and ureine
4. in exhaled air
