Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

kuek > pure bio chapter 8 and 9 > Flashcards

pure bio chapter 8 and 9 Flashcards

1
Q

chapter 8

what is osmoregulation

A

The control of water and solute concentrations in the blood to maintain a constant water potential in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chapter8

what does ADH stand for

A

antidiurectic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chapter 8

where is ADH produced by and released

A

hyphotalamus, pituaitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chapter 8

function of ADH

A

increase permeability of cells in collecting duct to water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chapter8

what happens when blood plasma water potential rises above normal

A
  1. pituitary gland release less ADH
  2. decrease permeability to water, reabsorb less water in collecting duct
  3. increase volume of urine, urine more diluted
  4. blood plasma water potential decreases to normal blood plasma water potential
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chatper 8

what happens when blood plasma water potential falls below normal

A

1.pituitary gland release more (ADH)
2.increase permeability to water, reabsorb more water in collecting duct
3.decrease volume of urine, urine more concentrated
4.blood plasma water potential increases back to normal blood plasma water potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chaoter 8

what happens when both kidneys fail

A
  • harmful toxins and metabolic wasts like urea are not removed adequately which may lead to death
  • water potential of blood cannot be maintained
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chapter 8

alternatives for kidney failure

A
  • kidney transplant
  • dialysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chapter 8

causes of kidney failure

A
  • high blood pressure
  • diabetes
  • alcohol abuse
  • servere accidents that damage kindeys
  • complications from major surgeries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chapter 8

explain diaysis process

A
  1. blood drawn from vein in paiteints arm
  2. blood pumped into dialysis machine through tubing via pump
  3. tubing bathed in dialysis fluid and tubing is partially permeable
  4. small molecules and metabolic waste products diffuse out of tubing. large molecules like platelets and blood cells remain in tubing
  5. filtered blood is returned into a vein of a paitient’s arm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chapter 8

features of dialysis machine

A

-dialysis tubing narrow, long, coiled
-contains dialysis fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chapter 8

explain features of dialysis tubing

A

it increases SA:V which rate of diffusion of substances is faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

chapter 8

what does dialysis fluid contains

A

same composition as blood but lacks metabolic waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chapter 8

why dialysis fluid and blood flow in opposite direction

A

maintain steep concentration gradient for removal of waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chapter 8

what is excretion

A

the removal of metabolic waste products, toxic substances and substances in excess of the body’s requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

chapter 8

anabolism + catabolism=?

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chapter 8

what is anabolic reaction

A

chemical reaction where simple substances are built up into more complex substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

chapter 8

what is catabolic reaction

A

chemical reactions in which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chapter 8

what is metabolic reaction

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions within the body of an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chapter 8

what does metabolic reaction produce

A

waste products that can harm the body if they accumulate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chapter 8

different types of metabolic waste

A

excess water, carbon dioxide, urea, excess mineral salts, bile pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chapter 8

what are the excretory organs in human body

A

lungs, liver, kidneys, skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chapter 8

what are the different organs in human urintary system

A

kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
sphincter muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

chapter 8

function of kidney

A

excrete urea and excess salts as urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chapter 8

function of ureter

A

transports urine formed in the kidney to the bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

chapter 8

function of sphincter muscle

A

controls the exit of urine from the bladder
* when the muscle relaxes, it allows urine to flow into the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

chapter 8

function of bladder

A

stores urine temporarily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

chapter 8

function of urethra

A

duct where urine passes from the bladder out of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

chapter 8

structure of nephron

A

Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henlé
Distal Convoluted Tubule
collecting duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

chapter 8

how is blood circulated at the kidneys

A
  1. Afferent arteriole (small branch of the renal artery) carries blood into the glomerulus.
  2. Glomerulus is a knot of blood capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule
  3. An efferent arteriole transports blood away from the glomerulus
  4. The blood continues into the blood capillaries surrounding the nephrons.
  5. Blood capillaries eventually lead into a branch of the renal vein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

chapter 8

what are the 2 main process of urine formation

A
  1. ultrafiltration
  2. selective reabsorption
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

chapter 8

what does ultrafiltration require

A
  1. High blood pressure in the glomerulus
  2. Selectively permeable membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

chapter 8

why need high pressure in glomerulus

A

high blood pressure forces blood plasma out of the glomerular blood capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

chapter 8

what is filtered out during ultrafiltration

A

water
amino acids
glucose
urea
mineral salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

chapter 8

what is absorbed back into the blood

A

all glucose and amino acids
some water and mineral salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

chapter 8

adaptations of glomerulus

A

it has:
1. glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries
2. blood capillary walls are one-cell thick
3. capillary walls have tiny pores + covered by thin partially permeable membrane

37
Q

chapter 8

what is network of blood capillaries for

A

increase SA for increased rate of ultrafiltration

38
Q

chapter 8

what is blood capillary walls
are one-cell thick for

A

decrease distance travelled by filtered substances

39
Q

chapter 8

why capillary walls of glomerulus have tiny pores + covered by thin partially permeable membrane for

A

only allow small soluble molecules/ions to pass through

40
Q

chapter 8

what is selective reabsorption

A

where useful substances like glucose amino acids some water and mineral salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream

41
Q

chapter 8

what is reabsorbed at the proximal convoluted tubule

A

All glucose and amino acids
Most mineral salts and water

42
Q

chapter 8

what is reabsorbed at the loop of henle

A

some water and mineral salts

43
Q

chapter 8

what is reabrobed at the distal convoluted tubule

A

some mineral salts and water

44
Q

chapter 8

what is reabsorbed at the collecting duct

A

some water

45
Q

chapter 8

mineral salts reabsorbed via what

A

via diffusion and acitive transport

46
Q

chapter 8

glucose and amino acids reabsorbed via what

A

acitve transport

47
Q

chapter 8

water reabsorbed via what

A

osmosis

48
Q

chapter 9

what are hormones

A

Hormones are chemical substances produced in minute quantities by endocrine glands.
They are transported by blood to target organs where it exerts its effects.
After performing their functions, they are destroyed in the liver.

49
Q

chapter 9

function of endocrine glands and what it is

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into bloodstreamm

50
Q

chapter 9

function of exocrine glands and what it is

A

Secrete chemical substances via a duct into external environment

51
Q

chapter 9

example of endocrine glands

A

islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas
pituitary glands

52
Q

chapter 9

example of exocrine glands

A

gastric glands
sweat glands
salivary glands
pancreas

53
Q

chapter 9

pituitary gland secrete what

A

secrete ADH

54
Q

chapter 9

pancreas is what gland

A

both endocrine and exocrine

55
Q

chapter 9

endocrine functin (pancreas)

A

Secrete insulin and glucagon directly into bloodstream

56
Q

chapter 9

exocrine function in pancreas

A

Secrete pancreatic juice
via pancreatic duct

57
Q

chapter 9

when is insulin secreted

A

Secreted when blood glucose concentration rises above normal levels

58
Q

chapter 9

what happens when the blood glucose concentration rise above normal

A

islets of langerhans of the pancreas will secrete more insulin which will stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert excess glucose to glycogen and increase the permeability of cell membrane to glucose, increase use of glucose for repiration. this causes blood glucose concentration to decrease back to normal

59
Q

chapter 9

when is glucagon secreted

A

secreted when blood glucose concentration falls below normal

60
Q

chapter 9

what happens when the blood glucose concentration falls below normal

A

islets of langerhans of the pancreas will secrete glucagon which will stimulate liver and muscle cells to convert stored glycogen to glucose this causes blood glucose concentration to increase back to normal

61
Q

chapter 9

what is type 1diabetes

A

-Early-onset ; inherited
-Pancreas does not produce enough insulin
-Blood glucose concentration remains high

62
Q

chapter 9

what is type 2 diabetes

A

-Late-onset ; developed
-Liver and muscle cells do not respond to insulin
-Blood glucose concentration remains high

63
Q

chapter 9

how to manage type 2 diabetes

A

lead active lifestyle
avoid sendentary lifestyle
eating healthy food
maintaining a healthy body weight

64
Q

chapter 9

what is homostasis

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment.

65
Q

chapter 9

example of homeostasis

A
  1. body temperature
  2. water potential
  3. blood glucose concentration
66
Q

chapter 9

what are the principles of homeostasis

A
  1. normal: set point to be maintained
  2. stimulus: a change in the internal environment
  3. receptor: detects the stmulus
  4. control centre: sends signa;s to effectors
  5. corrective mechanism: carried out by effectors to reverse the effect of the stmulus(restore the system)
67
Q

chapter 9

how is the principles of homeostasis carried out

A
  1. stimulus :condition rises above/falls below normal
  2. this is detected by the receptor which sends signals to
  3. control centre which sends signals to
  4. effectors which carries out
  5. corrective mechanism which causes condition to increase/ decrease back to normal
68
Q

chapter 9

what is postitive feedback

A

process where a system reacts to a stimulus in a way that has an amplifying effect to the stimulus

69
Q

chapter 9

what is negative feedback

A

process where a system reacts to a stimulus in a way that has a opposite effect to the stimulus

70
Q

chapter 9

explain what happens when blood glucose concentration rises above normal in terms of homeostasis

A
  1. blood glucose concentration rises above normal stimulates
  2. the receptors which is the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas are stimulated to send signals out by effectors to
  3. carry out the corrective mechanism: pacreas secrete more insulin, stimulates liver and muscle cells to convert glucose to glycogen, increase permeability of cell membrane to glucose, increase use of glucose for respiration
  4. blood glucose concentration decreases back to normal
71
Q

chapter 9

explain what happens when blood plasma water potential rises above normal in terms of homeotasis

A
  1. blood plasma water potential rises above normal stimulates the
  2. receptors which is the hypothalamus in our brain to send effectors to
  3. carry out the corrective mechanism: pituitary gland release less adh, decrease permeability of CD to water, decrease water reabsorbed into blood, increase volume of urine, urine more diluted
  4. blood plasma water potential decreases
72
Q

chapter 9

what is thermoregulation

A

maintenance of relatively constant body temperatures regardless of external conditions

73
Q

chapter 9

what happens to our skin when body temperature rises above normal

A
  1. valodilation of arteries near skin surface
  2. sweat glands becomes more active and produce more sweat
  3. metabolic rate decreased
74
Q

chapter 9

how does vasodilation of arterioles near skin surface help

A
  • more blood flows to capillaries in skin
  • more heat lost through skin
75
Q

chapter 9

how does increased sweat production by sweat glands help

A
  • more water in sweat evaporates from skin
  • more heat lost via vaporisation
76
Q

chapter 9

how does decrased metabolic rate help

A

-reduce heat released in body

77
Q

chapter 9

what happens to our skin when body temperature falls below normal

A
  1. vasoconstriction of arterioles near skin surface
  2. sweat glands becomes less active produce less sweat
  3. metanolic rate increased
  4. hair eractor muscles contract
  5. shivering
78
Q

chapter 9

how does vasconstriction of arterioles near skin surface help

A
  • less blood flows to capillaries in skin
  • less heat lost through skin
79
Q

chapter 9

how does producing less sweat by sweat glands help

A
  • less water in sweat evaporates from skin
  • less heat lost via vaporisation
80
Q

chapter 9

metabolic rate increase help

A

less heat released in body

81
Q

chapter 9

how does hair erector muscles contract help

A

-hair stand, trapping more heat
less heat lost through skin

82
Q

chapter 9

how does shivering help

A

shivering is a reflex contraction of body muscles which increases heat released

83
Q

explain what happens when bloood and skin temp increase above normal in terms of homeostasis

A
  1. blood and skin temp rises above normal would stimulate the
  2. thermoreceptors and send signals to the hypothalamus which would send signals out by the effectors to carry out the
  3. corrective mechanisim: arterioles vasodilate, sweat production increase, metabolic rate decrease
  4. blood and skin temp decrease back to normal
84
Q

chapter 9

explain what happens when blood and skin temp decreases below normal in terms of homeostasis

A
  1. blood and skin temp drops below normal would stimulate the
  2. thermoreceptors and send signals to the hypothalamus which would send signals out by the effectors to carry out the
  3. corrective mechanisim: arterioles vasoconstrict, sweat production decreases, metabolic rate increases, shivering occurs, (only in animals with a lot of fur: hair erector muscle contract)
  4. blood and skin temp increases back to normal
85
Q

chapter 9

stucutre of the skin + function of each part

A
  1. blood capillaries (arteriole): vasodilation, vasoconstriction
  2. hair follicle
  3. hair: trap heat
  4. hair erector muscle: muscle contract, causing hair to stnad
  5. sweat gland: secrete sweat. amt of swear depands on external and internal env
  6. thermoreceptor: detect temp changes
  7. adipose tissue: act as insulator
86
Q

chapter 9

what are sensory recptors

A

receptors that enable us to sense pain, pressure and temp changes in external env

87
Q

chapter 9

how is heat gained

A
  1. vigorous muscular excerise
  2. consumption of hot food
  3. being in warm env
88
Q

chapter 9

how is heat lost

A
  1. through skin
  2. evaporation of water in sweat
  3. faeces and ureine
  4. in exhaled air

kuek (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions