geog tourism topic 2 Flashcards
1
Q
.2.1
how is globalisation influencing trednds in international tourism?
A
- international tourism has been growing
- tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse
2
Q
2.1
explain how globalisation is causing the continued growth of international tourism
A
- increasing pace of globalisaion has boosted growth in international tourism by
1. increasing ability to travel. ppl now can search for and buy tourism-related services. this results in greater competition among businesses, which creates greater incentive to offer value-for money travel->attract more ppl, ppl enjoy more affordable tours
2. increasing motivation to travel. ppl have greater access to new ideas through new online media (social media/ internet)
3. increasing mobility to travel. places become more connected via different trasnsport modes -> traveling= more conveinent -> increasing tourists mobility in travel
3
Q
example of globalisation is causing continued growth of international tourism
A
london’s king cross station has become popular with tourists due to intrnational airing of the harry poter film series
4
Q
2.1
explain why tourist generating and destination regions have become more diverse
A
- because even though european countries are still most popular tdr, however, developing countires ave become increasingly popular among tourists
- more international tourists are coming from the rapidly developing countries
5
Q
2.1
example of tgr and tdr becoming more diverse
A
china thailand and malaysia are among the world’s most popular tdr (value for money)
6
Q
2.1
how is demand for tourism changing in terms of increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible
A
- more tourists seek new destinations to fulfil their need to discover unnique travel experiences
- these destinations were not previously popular / easily accessible
- globalisation lead to greater flow of information abt these destinations. tourists can easily share experiences online enticing more ppl with second cities
- advancements in transportation->more accessible
7
Q
2.1
example of increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not previously popular or easily accessible
A
- antartica -> second cities
- fulfil unique travel experiences in less corwded env
- avoid exceeding carrying capacity in traditional tourist hotspot and enable these env to recover
- enjoy lower traveling cost
- visiting second cities are becoming popular among younger travellers as new online media
8
Q
2.1
explain how emergence of new experiences including adventure , heritage, sports and health tourism changing the demand for tourism
A
- tourists looking for new experiences, satisfy curiosity
- new form of tourism based interest or activity have emerged
- this is caused by globalisation as ppl share and get more info abt new forms of tourism online
9
Q
2.1
what are the different types of tourism
A
- adventure
- heritage
- sports
- health
10
Q
2.1
features of adventure tourism
A
-tourists travel to natural env and participate in challenging physical activities like mountain climbling
- adventure tourists seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment
- location: places if natural beauty
11
Q
2.1
eg of adventure tourism
A
trekking on mount everest has become increasingly popular among adventure tourists who seek to challenge themselves and achieve their full potential
12
Q
2.1
features of heritage tourism
A
- tourists participate in activities to experience its culture and learn abt its history
- by experiencing the culture, learning history of the place-> they can fulfil their need for unqiue travel experiences+ understand rich +diverese global cultures
13
Q
2.1
eg of heritage tourism
A
antient city machu picchu in peru attracts more than 1 mil tourists wvery year. many are attracted to it to learn more abiut the unqiue history and culture of ancient city and its inhabitants
14
Q
2.1
features of sports tourism
A
- tourists either observe/participate in sporting events
- they participate in the events: to seek personal growth+self-fulfilment, those observe: seek enjoyment+escape from stress of work
- location: sporting facilities
15
Q
2.1
eg of sports tourism
A
during english premier league, thousands of overseas football fans visit the city of manchester to watch their favourite football teams play
16
Q
2.1
features of health tourism
A
- tourist travel to seek medical care / activities to enhance physical, mental, spritual wellness
- these medical procedures may contribute greater sense of self-fulfilment->improve tourists’ well-being+self esteem
17
Q
2.1
eg health tourism
A
south korea received more than 2 mil health tourists in 2018 for cosmetic and non-cosmetic procedures. this is due to south korea’s renowned and advanced medical technologies and services
18
Q
2.1
explain mass market tour operators
A
- ppl/ company supply tour packages (large groups of ppl)
- tour packages include transport and accommondation
- cheaper
- reduces hassle of booking
- many trust tour operators
18
Q
2.1
how is supply of tourism changing?
A
- smal specialist operators are adding onto services of mass market tour operators
- tourism marketing changing from tradicional print to broadcast media to online media
19
Q
2.1
eg of mass market tour operators
A
klook. they offer large variety of tours to many destinations around the world at relatively affordable prices
20
Q
2.1
explain specialist tour operators
A
- ppl/ company supply niche travel (small grp)
- they specialise in specific destinations/ tourism experiences that many mass-market tour operators do not usually offer
- not widely purchased
- tour operators= experts in these experiences, can give advice and recommendations to tourists
- due to online media, nich travel is becoming popular
- tours often customisable
21
Q
2.1
eg of specialist tour operators
A
quark expeditions specialistes in tours in artic and antartica offering ex periences ranging from sea kayaking to iceberg cruising
22
Q
2.1
explain why tourism makreting is changing from traditional print and broad cast tmedia to new online media
A
- advances in info and technology jave transformed the way tourism is being marketed
- traditionaly= tradional print, newspaper
- tradional media platforms are being replaced by new online media as more tourists began reesearching for their trips online
23
Q
2.1
eg of why tourism makreting is changing from traditional print and broad cast tmedia to new online media
A
klook has promoted it tour packed on multiple social media platofrms including facebook and instagram
24
# 2.3
what are the positive and negative social impacts of tourism
+ve:
- cultural prevervation
- ehance cultural ecosystem
-ve:
- commondification of culture and art forms
- cultural clashes
- increased crimes
25
# 2.2
+ve and -ve economic impacts of tourism
- employment opp (+ve)
- income generation
- economic leakage(-ve)
- overdependence on tourism
26
# 2.2
explain how tourism bring employment opp in formal and informal tourism sectors
- tourism industry is labour intensive
- creates large number and wide range of employment
- formal employment -> hotel receptionist
-> fixed hours , stable monthly wages, sign written contract (t&c), contribute to income tax
- informal employment-> streetside performer
-> irregular hrs, fluctuating ages, do not sign written contract, do not contribute to income tax
27
# 2.2
explain income generaiton from tourists' spending on consumer goods and services
- tourism generated income for locals and gov in tdr
- when tourists spend money on consumer goods and services-> increase income for locals
- tax on tourism spending can provide gov with considerable revenues
- these can be used to invest in improving infrastrucutre and pay for education and healcare, hence increasing conuntry's standard of living
28
# 2.2
eg of income generation from tourist's spending on consumer goods and services
1980, maldives was one of worlds' poorest countriest. today, its economy has grown due to the tourism opp offered by its natural landscapes, resulting in low poverty rate
29
# 2.2
explain economic leakages
- lose revenue due to tdr paying for import of goods and services from other countries
- gov will have lesser revenue to improve country's standard of living
30
# 2.2
eg of economic leakages
united nations env programme, for every us$100 spent by a tourist on a holiday to a developing country, only us $5 remains i the local host community
31
# 2.2
explain overdependence on tourism, which increases vulnerability to a sudden fall in tourist numbers
- it will affect the place by making a destination vulnerable due to unexpected events like disaster, disease, unrest, economic crisis
-> vulnerable to sudden fall in tourist numbers
32
# 2.2
how does unexpected events affect a country economically?
- ppl fear their safety
- govt issues travel advisors to not travel to a location
- destryction of tourist infrastructure
- decrese in tourism income
33
# 2.2
possible unexpected events
- natural disasters ( fear for their safety)
- unfavorable political situations (riots, protests, closure of tourist attractions)
- economic downturn (companies cut cost, lost of jobs)
- outbreak of diseases (ppl postpone/ cancel travel plans, fear for safety)
34
# 2.2
eg of natural disaster
2017 parts of caribbean island truc by powerful huricants, 95% buildings destroyed 1 mil fewer tourist arrivals estimated loss of over us700$ mil revenue
35
# 2.2
eg of unfavorable political situations
2020, protest in thailand against military rule. several coutnries issued travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them form visiting thailand during that period. reduced tourist arrivals
36
# 2.2
eg of economic downturn
maldives which is highly dependent on tourism, suffered a drop of 4% in tourism arrivals in 2009 due to global economic cirsis then
37
# 2.2
eg outbreak ofdiseases
- covid-19, infected 205 mil ppl, caused 4 mil deaths. many countries responede by going into lockdown, cauing international travel to shutdown. first half of 2020, tourist arrivals globally fell more than 65%.
- in maldives, tourism arrivals in 2020 was only abt 1/3 of 2019
38
# 2.3
how does tourism help preserve the culture
- use revenue to protect traditional cultures & practices/art forms
- invest $$ to encourage such trad practices like building museumes.
- enhances sop ->pass down to future gen
39
# 2.3
eg of cultural preservation hving +ve social impact of tourism
shadow puppetry in china is an ancient art form which is culturally important to local communities as it passes on history and traditions. which tourists showing greater interest, innovations were made to attract viewers.
40
# 2.3
what is community-based tourism?
tourists staying with local families
41
# 2.3
explainhow enhancing cultural ecosystme services is a +ve impact of tourism
- protecting env for tourist-activities & experiences can enhance cultural ecosystem services offered by nature
- >provides tourists and locals w asthetic educational recreational and spritual benefits
42
# 2.3
what are intangible benefits gained from tourism
- asthethic (beauty/ scenery)
- educational (conservation)
- recreational (hiking/camping)
- spiritual (religious, buddhist rituals)
43
# 2,3
how commodification of cultural rituals and artforms have -ve impact
- cultural rituals may be exaggerated, staged, condensed to suit the needs and requests of tourists (lose authenticity)
- art forms may be mass-produced for tourists
- >conflict among locals
44
# 2.3
how does cultural clashes cause neg impact
- tourists can be insensitive to local norms, religious customs and traditions-> -ve sentiment against tourists
- tourists can cause pollusion &congestion->annoy locals
- unhappiness arises between tourists and locals
45
# 2.3
eg on cultural clashes
hawaii, usa most locals did not wish for hawaii to be opened up to public after months of covid 19 lockdown. many tourists did not follow public safety guidelines such as wearing masks properly, many locals have also always felt that tourists do not respect the indigenous hawaiian culture.
46
# 2.3
explain how rise in crimes is -ve impact
- tourists are targets for crimes, they are visable, carry large sums of % &valuables
- tourists are relaxed, off-guard
- targeted due to resentment
47
# 2.3
impact of crime on tourism in country
tourists don't want to visit the location-> decrease revenue earned
48
# 2.3
eg of rise in crimes, -ve impact
2017, tourist bus in barcelona, spain was attacked by anti-tourist protestors who punctured the tyers and sprayed anti-tourism graffiti on the bus
49
# 2.3
how may nature of interaction between local communities and tourists influence impact of tourism?
- the greater the difference in power btwn tourist and local community, the more likely -ve social impacts would occur
- tourists and local communitties at tourist destination mutually affect each other
- their encounters with each other determine the nature of the social impacts of tourism
- r/s btwn tourist and local communities are often unequal as tourism industry tend to focus more on needs and wants of tourists over locals
- tourists in position of opwer+privilege
- local communities have to accommodate +meet needs of tourists at their own expense
50
# 2.3
eg of how nature of interaction btwn local communities and tourists influence impact of tourism
- thailand, tourist have to pay to enter villages of kayan lahwi women who traditionally wear gold coils around their necks
- some happy to showcase their culture +earn tourist$$
- others feel exploited by tourism industry. some tourist view them as echibits that they haev paid to view and pose w and sometimes take photographs wout their permission
51
# 2.4
how does tourism impact env
+ve:
- conservation of natural env and preservation of biodiversity
- restoration of degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
-ve:
- pollution
- depletion of natural resources and threats of wildlife habitats
52
# 2.4
how does concervation of natural env and preservation of biodiversity have +ve impact on env
- tourism revenue generated->fund protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystmes, protecting biodiversity
- establishing protected areas or national park where development is restricted in order to ensure habitats are undisturbed
- employing and training specialised staff to run these parks to care for ecosystem
- setting up env education programmes for tourists to encourage them to care for these ecosystems
53
# 2.4
eg of concervation of natural env and preservation of biodiversity have + impact on env
- entrance fee of us100 is chargedto visitors entering galapagos national park in ecuador
- revenue generated from fees are chanelled to conservation and upkeep of park, inclusing hiring of park rangers
54
# 2.4
how restoration of degraded quatic and terrestial ecosystmes have +ve impact on env
- aquatic and terrestrial sites have potential to be tourist attractions. providing motivation to restore degraded auqatic and terrestrial ecosystems to create new natural attractions like marine or national parks
- can be done by stopping and reversing degradation to these ecosystems through reforestation
55
# 2.4
eg of restoration of degraded quatic and terrestial ecosystmes have +ve impact on env
mauritius and seychelles, coral reefs have -ve affected by overfishing, unsustainable fishing methods and improper waste disposal. but coral reefs are economically significant for locals livelihoods, as well as tourism industry. regeo al project led by united nations development fund has been inistiated to restore the coral reef ecosystem
56
57
# 2.4
how does tourism cause pollution
- greenhouse emissions
- inadequate sewage facilities and improper waste disposal
58
# 2.4
explain greenhouse emissions
- travelling by air sea land requires large amts of fossil fuels to be burned -> generate significant amt of greenhse gase
- airconditioned accommodation can also contribute to increase of greenhse gases-> enhanced greenhse effect
- greenhse gases like suphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide can cause respiratory illesses such as asma
59
# 2.4
explain inadequate sewage facilities and improper waste disposal
- tourism industry generate significant amt of waste
- no proper waste disposal systems, tourists may leave litter-> env degradation such as land and water pollutions
60
# 2.4
eg of inadequate sewage facilities and improper waste disposal
- climbers that climb mount everest discard tents, food containers and even human waste on slopes in the area
- chemicals from trash can contaminate the soil and groundwater, thus leading to land and water pollution
- many accommodations in tourist destination regions may not have the proper sewage systems such as waastewater treatment facilites, sewage generated not treated and improperly disposed->water pollution
61
# 2.4
explain how depletion in natural resources can cause -ve impact to env
- tourism may result in overuse of natural resources such as water, leading to depletion of natrual resources
- -> -ve env impact such as droughts ->harm ppl and terrestrial aquatic ecosystems
62
# 2.4
eg of how depletion in natural resources can cause -ve impact to env
booming tourism industry in bali draws abt 3 mil liters of water per day. hotels and resorts take water frm water supply system and large amts of groundwater to meet tourists' demand.
->rivers in regions drying up, reducing water resource availability for locals and terrestrial and aquatic species
->limited supply of water to meet rising demand, water prices have increased
- agriculture->increasingly unprofitable due to rising water cost and resulting in loal farmers experiencing a loss of livelihood
63
# 2.4
explain how threats to wildlife habitats have -ve impact on env
- construction of tourist facilites may enroach on antural areas, detorying natural env and threatening wildlife habitats
- careless tourist may trample on plants, make too much noise can disturb and firghten off animals
64
# 2.4
eg of how threats to wildlife habitats have -ve impact on env
- maldives gov built large-scale facilities for accommodation food and recreation of tourists, threatening coacstal env
- rock and sand are dumped into sea during construction process, covering and sufocating corals
- it has been observed that there is a lack of big corals near the newer resorts
- in longterm, anitmals dependent on coral reefs for fod and shelter like reef sharks may lose their habitats and source of food
