pure bio chapter 6 and 7 Flashcards
1
Q
chapter 6
what is blood
A
blood is a fluid tissue
2
Q
chapter 6
what is blood made up of
A
red blood cell
white blood cell
platelets
plasma
3
Q
chapter 6
function of plasma
A
Transports water, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste together with the blood cells, around the body.
4
Q
chapter 6
function of red blood cell
A
Function: transport oxygen from lungs to cells in all parts of the body
5
Q
chapter 6
structure of red blood cell
A
-contains haemoglobin
-no nucleus
-circular biconcave shape
-flexible
6
Q
chapter 6
why RBC contain haemoglobin
A
Combines reversibly with oxygen to allow
RBCs to transport oxygen
7
Q
chapter 6
why RBC lack nucleus
A
Enabling RBCs to store more haemoglobin
8
Q
chapter 6
why RBC is flexible
A
Change into bell-shaped structure to flow
easily through narrow blood capillaries
9
Q
chapter 6
why RBC has a circular biconcave shape
A
Increases surface area to volume ratio to
increase rate of absorption and release of
oxygen
10
Q
chapter 6
function of white blood cell
A
Play a vital role in keeping the
body healthy by fighting
diseases
11
Q
chapter 6
structure of WBC
A
Colourless (does not contain haemoglobin)
* Irregular in shape and contains nucleus
* Mobile, able to change shape and squeeze through capillaries
12
Q
chapter 6
function of lymphocyte
A
Produce antibodies which destroys microorganisms, causes them to clump together and neutralises toxins
13
Q
chapter 6
function of phagocytes
A
engage in phagocytosis, a process in which they engulf and digest pathogens using intracellular enzymes
14
Q
chapter 6
structure of platelets
A
membrane bound fragments of cytoplasm
15
Q
chapter 6
function of platlets
A
Clotting of blood: contains enzyme (thrombin) that causes formation of fibrin threads
* Clotting seals wound, preventing excessive loss of blood and entry of bacteria
16
Q
chapter 6
function of arteries
A
carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary arteries) away from the heart
17
Q
chapter 6
structure of arteries
A
-blood flows at high pressure
-thick wall
-no valves
-narrow lumen
18
Q
chapter 6
what is thick wall in arteries for
A
to withstand high pressure
19
Q
chapter 6
function of vein
A
to carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) back to the heart
20
Q
chapter 6
structure of veins
A
-blood flow at low pressure
-wide lumen
-thin wall
-got valves
21
Q
chapter 6
what are the valves in the veins for
A
to prevent backflow of blood
22
Q
chapter 6
function of capilaries
A
allow exchange of materials between blood and tissue fluid
23
Q
chapter 6
structure of capillaries
A
-one cell thick
-slowest blood flow
24
Q
chapter 6
which blood group is the universal donor
A
o
25
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which blood group is the universal receiver
AB
26
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what is plumonary circulation and what is it for
Blood at lower pressure, ensures sufficient time for
blood to be fully oxygenated
27
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what is systemetic circulation and what is it for
Blood at high pressure, ensures oxygenated blood is
quickly distributed to the rest of the body.
28
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left side of heart is deoxygenated or oxygenated blood
oxygenated
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right side of heart is deoxygenated or oxygenated blood
deoxygenated
30
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contains blood at the highest pressure?
(major blood vessels)
aorta
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has the highest concentration of oxygen?
(major blood vessels)
pulmonary vein
32
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has the highest concentration of glucose after a meal?
(major blood vessels)
hepatic portal vein
33
# chapter 6
map out the structure of heart
use box method
refer to bio 3slides 12
33
# chapter 6
advantages of systemetic circulation
1. high pressure to deliver oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
2. low pressure to deliver deoxygenated blod to the lungs, allow efficient gaseous exchange
34
# chapter 6
function of heart
Acts as a muscular pump, circulating blood
throughout the body.
* When it relaxes it fills up with blood and when it contracts, blood is squeezed out with great force.
35
# chapter 6
Describes processes that occur from one heartbeat to the next
1. Atrial muscles contract, forcing blood into ventricles. tricuspid and bicuspid valves remain open Semilunar valves remain closed
2. Ventricular muscles contract, forcing blood out of hear. tricuspid and bicuspid valves close, smeiluner valves open
3. Ventricular muscles relax (heart relaxed), blood flows into atria. tricuspid and bicuspid valves open Semilunar valves close
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what does COCO stand for
close open close open
37
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when does cornonary heart disease occur
when the coronary arterise become narrowed or blocked
38
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blood always flow from?
high pressure to low pressure
39
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every intersection on a heart graph shows?
valves opening and closing
40
# chapter 6
describe how cornonary heart disease occur
1. fatty substances build up on inner surface of conary arteries
2. this narrows the lumen of these arteries and increases the blood pressure
3. this results in artery developing a rough inner surface which increases the risk of a blood clot being formed
4. if it occurs in the coronary arteries, the supply of blood and O2 to the heart muscles may be completely cut off
5. without O2 heart muscle cells may be damaged and a heart attack may occur
41
# chapter 6
risk factors that causes heart disease
1. smoking
2. unhealthy diet
3. genetic factors
4. age
5. sedentary lifestyle
42
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why smoking would affect the heart
it contains nicotine which increases blood pressure ad rick of blood clotting in the arteries
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why genetic factors would affect the heart
family history
high blood pressure and high blood cholestrol can run in the family
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why unhealthy diet would affect the heart
diet with high cholestrol, saturated fats and salt content increases the risk of high blood pressure and heart attack
44
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why sedentary lifestyle would affect the heart
lack of excersie
45
# chapter 7
what is gaseous exchange
Exchange of gases between an
organism and the environment
46
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what is respiration
Breakdown of glucose to release
energy in living cells
47
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structure and function of nose
nostril hairs trap dust and foreign
particles
48
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structure and function of nosal passage
-lined with mucus membrane traps dust and foreign particles
-warms and moistens air
-sensory cells detect harmful chemicals
49
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strcuture and function of trachea
supported by c-shaped rings of cartilage two types of epithelium cells:
* gland cells: secrete mucus that traps dust and bacteria
* ciliated cells: have cilia on surfaces to sweep the dust-trapped mucus up trachea
50
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sturcture of bronchi
cartilage, not C-shaped
51
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where does gaseous exchange take place at
Gas exchange takes place through walls of alveoli
52
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feature of alveoli
-numerous alveoli
-alveolar walls richly supplied
with blood capillaries
-alveolar wall is one-cell thick
-alveolar surface is covered
with a thin film of moisture
53
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how does alveolar surface is covered with a thin film of moisture help
allow oxygen to dissolve
54
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how does alveolar wall is one-cell thick help
provide short diffusion distance ensuring higher rate of diffusion
55
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how does alveolar walls richly supplied
with blood capillaries help
maintains steep concentration gradient of gases
56
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how does gas exchange occur in the alveoli
1.O2 dissolves into thin layer of moisture
2.O2 diffuses through alveolar wall, blood capillary wall, and into RBC
3. O2 combines with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
4. CO2 diffuses from blood into alveolar air
57
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how is the concentration gradient between the alveolar air and blood maintained?
1. continuous flow of blood in capillaries
2. continuous breathing, causes air in lungs ti be constantly refreshed
58
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explain inspiration/inhalation
1. diaphragm muscule contracts, diaphragm flattens
2. external intercostal muscles contract, internal itercostal muscles relax
3. ribs move upwards and outwards, sternum also moves up and forward
4. volume of thoracic cavity increases, lungs expand, volume of lungs increase
59
# chapter 7
how do we breathe
through pressure differences
60
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explain expiration/exhalation
1. diaphragm muscle relaxes, diaphragm muscle arches upwards
2. internal intercostal muscles contract, extrernal intercostal muscles relax
3. ribs move downwards and inwards, sternum moves down to original position
4. volume of thoracis cavity decreases
5.lungs compressed, air pressure increases
6.air forced out of lungs
61
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difference beteen respiration and breathing
respiration is a chemical process but breathing is a physical process
62
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what is aerobic respiration
is the breakdown of food substances in the presence of oxygen with the release of a large amount of energy.
63
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word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose+oxygen--> carbon dioxide+water+large amt of energy
64
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chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2->6CO2 +6H2O+large amt of energy
65
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what is anaerobic respiration
breakdown of food substances in the absence of oxygen with the release of a relatively small amount of energy.
66
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word equation for anaerobic repiration
glucose-> lactic acid+small amt of energy
67
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oxygen debt
amount of oxygen required to remove lactic acid
68
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how is the lactic acid removed from the body
accumulated lactic acid would be transported to the liver and converted to glucose and O2 debt would be repaied when all lactic acid is broken down
69
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why anaerobic respiration occurs
insufficient oxygen to meet increased deman to sustain muscular contractions
70
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respiration is a ____ process
breathing is a ______ process
chemical
physical
71
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how is oxygen debt repaied
1. Heart rate remains high
* Continued + fast transport of lactic acid and oxygen (from lungs) to liver
2. Breathing remains deep and fast
* Continued + fast intake of oxygen by lungs
72
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differences between anaerobic and aerobic
- anaerobic releases less energy than aerobic
- aerobic requires more O2 than anaerobic
- anaerobic produces lactic acid but aerobic does not
- aerobic occurs in mitochondria but anaerobic does not
73
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effects of tobaco smoke on health (nicotine)
1. nicotine
- increased heart rate+blood pressure
- narrow arteries
- increased risk of blood clots-> CHD
- decrease nutrients transported to fetus, affect fetus development
74
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effects of tobaco smoke on health (carbon monoxide)
-co binds irreversibly with haemoglobin -> reduced ability to transport o2
-increases risk of CHD
-decrease transport of o2 to fetus in pregnant mothers
75
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effects of tobaco smoke on health (tar)
-increased risk of lung cancer due to uncontrolled cell division
-increased risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
-pralyse cillia lining air passages
-dust and mucus not removed and blocks air passage ways
76
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what is chronic bronchitis
1. lining of air ways become inflamed from prolonged exposure to irritants in smoke
2. excess mucus secreter by epithlium
3. cilia lining the airways paralysed
4. mucus and dus cannot be removed and blocks air passages
77
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symtoms of chronic bronchitis
- breathing difficulties due to blocked airways
- perisitent cough ( body's response to clear the blocked airways)
78
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what is emphysema
1. partition walls of alveoli break down due to persistent violent coughs/tar/chemicals in tobacco smoke
2. reduces surface area for gaseoys exchange
3. lungs lose elasticity and become inflated with air
79
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symptoms of emphysema
difficulty breathing wheezing and servere breathlessness
80
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what is cancer
cancer is the uncontrolled division of cells
81
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How is oxygen absorbed in your lungs?
- the epithelium separating the alveolar and the blood capillaries is permeable to o2 and co2
- As alveolar air contains a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood, oxygen
- dissolves in the moisture lining the alveolar walls and then diffuses into the blood capillaries.
● Oxygen combines with haemoglobin (in red blood cells) to form oxyhaemoglobin:
82
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an athelete runs a marathon
explain why the athelete develops muscle cramps during the excercise
1. muscle cells undergo aerobic repiration to release energy for muscular contractions
2. hear rate and breathing rate increases to supply oxygen to muscle cells
3. insufficiant oxygen to meet increases demand for aerobic respiration
4. hence muscle cells carry out anaerobic repiration
5. gulcose is broken down to release small amout of energy
6. lactic acid is produced
7. lactic acid accumulated in muscle causes muscle cramps
