Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Question 1

Venous thromboembolism major risk factors

Answer 1

Recent major trauma

Recent surgery

Cancer

Significant cardiopulmonary disease

Pregnancy

Inherited thrombophilia

Question 2

Pulmonary embolism symptoms

Answer 2

1-pleuritic chest pain, cough and haemostasis

2-Isolated acute dyspnoea(breathlessness)

3-syncope(loss of consciousness) or Cardiac arrest for a patient with a massive PE

Question 3

PE clinical signs

Answer 3

1-pyrexia, pleural rub, stony dullness to percussion at base(pleural effusion)

2-tachycardia, tachypnoea, hypoxia

3-tachycardia, hypotension, tachypnoea, hypoxia

Question 4

PE treatment

Answer 4

Oxygen

Low molecular weight heparin

Warfirin

Direct oral anticoagulants

Thrombolysis

Pulmonary embolectomy

Question 5

What is pulmonary hypertension

Answer 5

Elevated blood pressure in pulmonary arterial tree

Mean pulmonary artery pressure of >25mmHg

Question 6

Pulmomary hypertension symptoms

Answer 6

Exertional dyspnoea

Chest tightness

Exertional presyncope or syncope

Haemoptysis

Question 7

Pulmonary hypertension signs

Answer 7

Elevated JVP (jugular vein pressure)

Right ventricular heave

Lound right side of heart

Heptatomegaly (large liver)

Ankle oedema

Question 8

Pulmonary hypertension investigations

Answer 8

ECG

Lung function test

Chest xray