Pulmonary Tuberculosis Flashcards
Pulmonary Tuberculosis was nearly eradicated worldwide, but reemerged ___
in 1985 due to HIV/AIDS
How many people worldwide are infected with tuberculosis
~2.3 billion persons (1/3)
each year how many people become ill with Tb
over 9 million
there are ____ deaths due to Tb each year
1.4 million
In the US ___ persons live with Tb
10-12 million
what is the etiological agent of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Describe the etiological agent of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Acid-fast, rod-shaped, and can be grown in lab
who discovered the Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Koch in 1882
Visible growth takes ___ on solid nutrient medium
3-8 weeks
what are the only reservoirs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Humans
Describe stage one of Pulmonary Tb
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is in droplet nuclei and inhaled and travels to alveolar sacs and are ingested by macrophages. Bacteriostatic influence is minimal but bacilli replication is unrestrained.
Describe stage two of Pulmonary Tb
Tuberculosis bacilli grow w/in alveolar macrophages developing granuloma (tubercle). Blood borne macrophages are recruited and added to the granuloma and now contain bacilli that continue to multiply
Describe stage three of Pulmonary Tb
DTH responses leads to tissue necrosis that tends to be incomplete. This results in the formation of a solid/semisolid material referred to as caseous. This caseous centered bacilli does not multiply
Describe Stage four of Pulmonary Tb
The caseous solid liquefies and spreads through the bronchial tree producing a tuberculosis cavity. Infectious bacilli sloughed from cavity results in new foci in other parts of the lungs can be expelled and infect other persons
In 1667, ___ of deaths in London were attributed to consumption
25%
What were the two other names tuberculosis was known by and who gave the names.
Sylvius named it Consumption and Hippocrates named it phthisis, meaning “to melt” or “ to waste away”
Oliver Wendell Holms used the term ____ to bring attention to the effects of consumption on society
The White Plague
What era of time did Tuberculosis have the largest effect
The Renaissance
Tuberculosis emerged as a major plague of which centuries
18th and 19th
___ established the first tuberculosis sanatorium in Germany in ____
Hemann Brehmer ; 1854
Who established the first tuberculosis sanatorium in the US and when
Edward Trudeau 1885
By 1931, US had ___ specialized tuberculosis hospitals w/ total bed capacities of >80,000
633
___ produced a tuberculin and was thought to be a cure but proved no positive results but used today as diagnostic skin test
Koch
How is a Purified Protein Derivative test shown to be positive
diameter of induration (hard, raised area with clearly defined margins) recognized within 48-72 hours
