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Infectious Diseases > Hepatitis > Flashcards

Hepatitis Flashcards

1
Q

Hepatitis is a general term meaning what

A

Infection of the liver

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2
Q

What distinct disease causes yellow discoloration of the skin due to bile accumulated in the liver

A

Jaundice

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3
Q

This was termed _____ since hepatitis was so common among military men

A

Campaign Jaundice

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4
Q

What are the two types of Hepatitis

A

Acute self-limited and Persistent chronic

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5
Q

Which forms of Hepatitis are classified as Acute self-limited

A

A and E

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6
Q

Which forms of Hepatitis are classified as Persistent Chronic

A

B, C, D, F, and G

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7
Q

Approximately ____ of hepatitis infections remain unexplained

A

15-17%

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8
Q

What is the Australian antigen

A

IN 1963, they were doing blood screening to detect blood proteins unique to geographical areas using hemophiliac’s serum. The used the blood from an Australian aborigine had a protein that reacted specifically with the serum antibody of an American hemophiliac. Thus receiving its name, since presence of antigen correlated with serum hepatitis

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9
Q

What is the hepatitis B virion’s alternative name

A

The Dane Particle

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10
Q

What is the etiological agent of Hepatitis

A

hepadnavirus

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11
Q

Describe the etiological agent of Hepatitis

A

Spherical, enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid, circular double stranded DNA with single strand gap on one strand. Encodes for 7 proteins

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12
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of the hepadnavirus

A

usually partly double stranded and partly single stranded, reverse transcriptase generates genome DNA for pregenome RNA within capsid during virus assembly, makes large amt of noninfectious spherical filamentous particles

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13
Q

Double shelled capsid is unique to which form of hepatitis

A

Hepatitis B

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14
Q

Which antigen is the reverse transcriptase

A

The P antigen

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15
Q

What are the unique antigens that are used for diagnostic of Hepatitis B

A

HBsAg, HBcAg, and HBeAg

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16
Q

What is HBsAg

A

it is the surface antigen also known as the Australian antigen

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17
Q

What is the HBcAg

A

the core antigen

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18
Q

What is HBeAg

A

Endogenous DNA polymerase. It correlates with virus replication

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19
Q

What are the other animals know to have been infected with Hepatitis

A

woodchucks, ground squirrels, and ducks

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20
Q

Which of hepatitis’ hosts are known to develop carrier states (ACS)

A

Humans, Chimps, Woodchucks, and ducks

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21
Q

Which of hepatitis’ hosts are known to develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

A

Humans, Chimps and Woodchucks

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22
Q

Can the hepadnavirus be cultivated in vitro

A

No

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23
Q

How many people today worldwide are estimated to be infected with Hepatitis B

A

2 billion

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24
Q

About ___ persons have chronic infection (carrier)

A

400 million

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25
An estimated ___ persons die each year due to acute or chronic consequences of hepatitis B and approx. ____ people die each min.
1 million; 2
26
Approx. 25% of adults who became chronically infected during childhood later die from what
Liver cancer or cirrhosis caused by chronic infection
27
76% of all cases occur where
Asia, Africa, and South America
28
Today in the US, there are ___ Americans infected with Hepatitis B and rates highest among ____ years of age
12 million; 25-44
29
___ of all cases are sexually transmitted and ___ persons have chronic hepatitis B virus infection
~23%; 1.4 million
30
How is Hepatitis B transmitted
Blood route, Sexual activities, Mother to newborn, and Casual contact
31
What are the clinical courses Hepatitis B can take
Inapparent subclinical, Anicteric, icteric, Chronic, and Fulminant
32
Which clinical course leads to death
Fulminant
33
which clinical course has symptoms w/o jaundice
Anicteric
34
which clinical course is asymptomatic
Inapparent subclinical
35
Which clinical course has symptoms with Jaundice
Icteric
36
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B
range from 45-120 days
37
How long could the preicteric period last and about when does the icteric phase begins
1 week; within 10 days
38
What is the mortality rate for Hepatitis B
Overall infection .2-.5% and icteric only .2-1.5%
39
___ of patients fail to clear virus from blood and become "carriers" of hepatitis B
2-10%
40
Which two antigens indicates past infection
Surface and Core
41
Which antigen induces protective neutralizing antibodies
Surface
42
Which antigen correlates with active virus replication and may indicate chronic/carrier state
HBeAg
43
What diagnostic can you conclude if IgM and HBc are shown
Most sensitive for acute infection
44
What diagnostic can you conclude if IgG and HBs are shown
Indicates past infection, neutralizing antibody, and immune protection
45
What diagnostic can you conclude if IgG and HBc
indicates past infection
46
What diagnostic can you conclude if IgG and HBe
indicates acute infection, active virus replication, and chronic/carrier state
47
Hepatitis B is _____ infectious than HIV-1
50-100 X more
48
Compare concentration in blood of HIV to HBV
10^6-8 ;10^8-10
49
Compare risk of infection of HIV to HBV
<.5% ; ~18%
50
Compare survival in clinical specimen in HIV to HBV
90-99% Reduciton in hours ; up to 7 days
51
What is the treatment for HBV
Prophylaxis: HB immune globlulin (HBIG), anti bodies that are made in someone else and harvested; No antiviral treatment for acute infection; Chronic infection is treated with interferon-alpha (a reverse transcriptase inhibitor)
52
What is the history of the HBV vaccine
Dr. Maurice Hillemann used carriers of the HBV as a culture system to produce a commercial vaccine over a 14 year period
53
___ stages need to extract Dane particles prior to animal tested and ____ weeks needed to make one batch of Dane particles.
7 ; 65
54
Why did the production of Plasma derived vaccine stopped
due to fear of HIV infection
55
After plasma derived vaccine stopped , how was the vaccine produced
using yeast that in which 3 intramuscular doses are needed
56
how is Hepatitis A transmitted
Poor hygiene or sanitation, contamination of water or milk, consumption of contaminated raw oysters or clams, and blood transfusions but not associated with any physical contact of infected
57
what is the incubation period of Hepatitis A
12-50 days avg 28
58
Transition from feeling well to ill occurs ___ with Hepatitis A with a short preicteric phase
abruptly
59
The icteric phase begins within ___ of initial clinical symptoms and is identified how
10 days; showing dark, golden urine followed days later with jaundice and pale stool. May have enlarged liver
60
Covalescent period begins in ___ and is identified how
~7 weeks; symptoms of jaundice subsides
61
Mortality rate is highest among __ yrs of age at ___ and over 70% of deaths in patients are what age
>40; 2.1% ; 49
62
Which antibodies are specific to HAV
IgM anti- HAV which peaks @ ~6 weeks after exposure then drops; IgG anti-HAV which peaks @ ~ 8 weeks after exposure and remains constant
63
How is HAV treated
Passive administration of HIGB, effective when given up to 6 days prior to illness; two killed vaccines for prevention of HAV infection; no antiviral drugs

Infectious Diseases (9 decks)

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